Indirect Realism: A Plausible Theory Of Perception?

validating Realism A Plausible scheme Of Perception?In this es posit I am going to be examining approximately of the main involves made by collateral reality as well as looking at some of the fundamental jobs these claims amaze for the theory, such as the epistemological problem, the ontological problem, and the fact that the theory ineluctably leads to solipsism. verifying realism first arose in an effort to resolve some of the problems faced by prevalent wizard realism, where it became app atomic number 18nt that the assumption that our reeks intimately always give us true training about the reputation of the im stuff and nonsense world is implausible.Indirect realism therefore modifies the ideas presented by common cerebrate realism, by suggesting that what we perceive directly and ar immediately cognizant of is not the world or the ends within it, hardly grit information. Indirect realists are far from denying the existence of the physical world, exactly simply claim that the physical objects in the world cause our sense data, and that the sense data we control represents the external world, to an extent. For example, when I see a horse, I do not perceive it directly, as common sense realism would suggest. I have no sensory contact with the horse, and what I am conscious(predicate) of is only a mental representation, sort of like an inner picture, of the horse. My visual develop is not directly of the horse however indirect realism claims that it is caused by the horse. What I am sensitive of is the representation of the horse, which my senses larn.As Dancy explains, Indirect Realism argues that in perception people are indirectly conscious of the physical worldin virtue of a direct sensation of internal, non physical objects.1This means that although somebodys idea of an object whitethorn resemble the object itself, a person can only ever be aware of their idea and never the object itself.Indirect realism in any case see ms to entrust a response to the objections to common sense realism, raised but the head game Argument. In the instance of colour, for example, one ceiling can look totally different colours when viewed in different lights. If we were to then examine the fibres of the jacket material in to a greater extent detail, we would probably fancy them to be a variety of different colours. The way it is sensed also depends on the viewer, for example, someone who is colour-blind may see the jacket differently to someone with proficient colour vision. In view of this, it doesnt seem to make sense to say that the jacket is really yellow, or that its yellowness is independent of the perceiver. In an attempt to explain this kind of phenomenon, indirect realism introduces the notion of primary and second-string qualities.Primary meetties resemble the real properties of the object. John Locke, describes them as organism short inseparable from the body2and necessary for conception of it. Pr imary qualities exist both in the world and in sense experiences, and can be see by more than one sense. They are measured by physics and are qualities which the object actually has, regardless of the conditions in which it is being perceived or whether it is being perceived at all. Primary qualities include shape, size, rig solidity, extension, motion and rest, and number.Locke argues that utility(prenominal) qualities are nobody in the objects themselves but powers to produce various sensations in us,3and conceptually inessential. These qualities exist only in sense experiences and can only be experienced by one sense, but objects in the physical world have the power to produce these experiences in us. It may seem as though these properties are really in the objects we perceive, for example, that the yellowness is somehow part of the yellow jacket, however the yellowness that we experience is simply the objects power to produce yellow images in a usual viewer, under normal co nditions. The ideas we have of secondary qualities dont resemble the actual objects but are simply a product of the kind of sensory constitution that we have. Secondary properties include colour, temperature, smell, taste and sound.One major objection to indirect realism is that it seems to make the real world un get byable. It only makes sense for us to say that A resembles B, if it is possible for us to be directly aware of both A and B, in order for us to compare the two. This creates a or else fundamental epistemological problem for indirect realism because the theory states that our sense experiences of the primary qualities of objects resemble the actual qualities of objects in the external world, however, it also states that we can never be directly aware of the external world, so we therefore have no way of take holding whether our sense experiences do in fact resemble the external world at all. For example, if my sense experience of a ball is round, I have no way to chec k that this corresponds with the actual shape of the ball in the external world. We are totally limited to the evidence of our senses, and since these pretend by means of mental representations, it seems as though we can never gain any direct information about the actual properties of the ball, or any different object in the external world.Indirect realism has also led to a problem related to what is cognise as the disguise of perception, which refers to things that are seen indirectly, and not as they are in themselves. This is because there is a veil that we cannot penetrate, because the things that are being perceived (in this case, objects in the external world) exist independent of sensation. This creates a rather fundamental ontological problem for indirect realism, because it only seems to make sense to say that A is caused by B if it is possible for us to know what B is, however the veil of perception seems to prevent us from doing this. Since we are unable to directly access any physical objects in the external world, it is possible that our sense experience could be caused by something entirely different, for example, Descartes mephistophelean demon, God, a mad scientist, the matrix, or ourselves.We have no way of getting outside of our own perception to find out what is ca employ our sense experiences, if there is in fact anything ca exploitation them at all. This is another expert problem for indirect realism it can lead to solipsism, which is the belief that nothing exists beyond oneself and ones immediate experiences. It suggests that since we cannot know the external world and other minds directly, they may well not exist at all. Solipsism is argued to be philosophically derisory for two reasons the first being the phenomenological reason, which claims that if we were the only beings that existed, we would not feel emotions such as shame, embarrassment and guilt, which require the existence of another person or being in order to have an y effect. The second reason is that logically, solipsism just doesnt seem to make sense, and therefore any theory that leads to or allows for this view point, the way indirect realism does, is also argued to be absurd.In conclusion, it seems that although indirect realism does manage to overcome many of the problems faced by common sense realism, it also seems to create many more respectable problems of its own. Although the theory at first seems quite plausible, the fact that it allows for solipsism makes it pretty much irredeemable. Indirect realism also fails to account for the causal relation amidst the external world and our sense experiences, and as we have seen by dint of the veil of perception objection, we have no real reason to believe that our sense experience bare any resemblance to the external world at all. I think indirect realism would be much more plausible if it could offer some form of explanation of the interaction between our sense experiences and the extern al world.Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 Nano-material Hydrothermal SynthesisMn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 Nano-material Hydrothermal SynthesisTitle Hydrothermal deduction and photocatalytic industry of Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nano-material for degradation of Reactive Blue H5R dyeIn the proposed research work Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nano material go away be synthesized utilize hydrothermal technique for the degradation of responsive blue H5R dye. The chlorides of atomic number 25, iron and zinc exit be used for the synthesis of the Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nano material. Then synthesized material will be used in pissing treatment for the degradation of reactive blue H5R dye through photocatalysis use glaring light. The examination of the size of the particles and structural properties of the synthesized material will be carried out by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique and the morphology of material will be evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Particle or grain size of prepared samples of Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nano material will be computed using the Scherers formula. The photo-catalytic behavior of Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nano material will be investigated by mensuration the photo degradation rate of the dye. The stability of the nano-photo catalytic material will also be investigated by the repeated use of Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4.INTRODUCTION synthetic substance dyes and different chemicals used in textile industries play significant use in environmental pollution. Some of these industrial chemicals and synthetic dyes decompose aerobically and anaerobically resulting in the formation of carcinogenic compounds (Neill et al., 1999). In the past few decades, there has been abundant attention between scientists in increasing semiconductor photo-catalysts with great future for environmental protection applications like pee disinfection (Ullah et al., 2012 Shahid et al., 2013).Most of the ferrite materials are known to show exciting photocatalytic capabilities for hydrogen or oxygen generation from water upo n irradiation with megascopic light. Such visible light soaking up properties, and their proper readiness edge positions with respect to redox levels essential for water splitting, are desirable for a water splitting photocatalyst to work under temperateness (Dom et al., 2014).Ferrite materials technology has now extended to a precise progressive stage, in which the properties to a super extent are designed and controlled by engineers, to adorn the particular function of the device. Because of their outstanding magneto-transport properties the mixed valence ferrites have gnarled huge scientific attention in the recent years (Ahmed and Bishay 2005). In the beginning works the ferrites were attained by soft chemistry and mechano-synthesis (Millotet al., 2007).Hydrothermal system is a promising synthetic system because of the low process temperature and very easy to manage the particle size. The hydrothermal procedure has several benefits over other growth systems such as th e use of simple devices, catalyst-free growth, low cost, large area uniform production, environmental friendliness and less harmful (Aneesh et al., 2007). Moreover, no post- warmness behavior is needed for the created nanoparticles, which makes this method extremely suitable as heat treatment might result in particle collection. (Haw et al., 2002)OBJECTIVE The prey of present research work is to produce Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nano-sized particles by hydrothermal technique specifically for catalysis of reactive blue H5R dye. The structural properties of synthesized nano-photocatalyst will be analyze by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Photo-catalytic behavior of the Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles will be investigated by determining the photo degradation rate of the reactive blue H5R dye under visible light irradiation.Review of literary worksRath et al. (1999) synthesized Mn0.65Zn0.35Fe2O4 particles in nanosize (912nm) using metal chlorides via hydrothe rmal precipitation. The characterization was done with TEM, XRD, and VSM. The concentration of chloride ion and pH of precipitate played a vital role in retaining the overture stoichiometry of the root word of the nano-material. Whereas at low pH, incomplete precipitation of Mn was observed. Zn loss in the nano-particles at higher pH of precipitation was noted.Bujoreanu et al. (2000) investigated the social system of manganese ferrite in powder form which was prepared by co-precipitation method using MnO2 and FeSO4.7H2O. The powder material then was co-precipitated and aged at temperatures ranging from 55 to 59 oC, then washed and dried in the air at room temperature. By the addition 15% sodium hydroxide solution in the 2N cation solution the stoichiometric amounts of MnO2, FeSO4.7H2O and H2SO4 were precipitatedKosak et al. (2004) prepared nanocrystalline MnZn-ferrite with different morphology through single water-in-oil micro-emulsion comprising of n-hexanol, surfactant CTAB and an mixed metal sulfates solution. The mixture was precipitate with sodium hydroxide solution and oxidized with hydrogen peroxide. The prepared nano materials were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET surface analyzer, magnetometry and transmission electron microscope (TEM).Abdollahi et al. (2004) synthesized various compositions of manganese Mn doped ZnO. using precipitation method. XRD, TEM, SEM, EDX, BET techniques were used for characterization. The band gap measurement was done with UV-visible reflectance. XRD pattern showed no impurity peaks, indicating Mn-related secondary phases. The EDX showed the just about lower amount of Mn doped on ZnO than the theory-based value and SEM showed that 1% Mn-doped ZnO well ordered morphology, homogeneous distribution of slightly lower particle size and low aggregation.Vaidyanathan et al. (2004) compared Mn0.9Zn0.1Fe2O4 synhesized through double sintering method and chemical co precipitation method in order to find the magn etic properties. The precipitated ferrites showed altered magnetic properties like magnetic flux density (Ms), authoritative compass (Hc) and Curie temperature (Tc). The particles were reduced in size as compared to co-precipitated nano-sized particles.Arulmurugan et al. (2006) prepared by Mn1xZnxFe2O4 used for ferro-fluid preparation.TG-DTA, XRD, TEM, VSM and Mossbauer spectroscopy was used for description. The ultimate approximated cation contents decided with the initial degree of substitution. The particle size and curie temperature (Tc) reduced with the rise in zinc substitution. The particles with greater zinc concentration, showed ferrimagnetic and super paramagnetic behavior at room temperature.Yimin et al. (2007) synthesized Mn1-xZnxFe2O4 using metal sulfate in sedimentary ammonia. The TEM, XRPD, VSM and TGA were appled to tell the material properties. The classification of the nanoparticles was evaluated and discussed. The effects of the reacting components and prepara tion methods on the Curie temperature, the magnetization and the size distribution of Mn Zn ferrite nanoparticles.Hejase et al. (2012) produced hyperthermia inducing agents manganese zinc iron magnetic nanoparticles. The structure was recongnized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and a superconducting quantum interference device. The curie temperature, saturation magnetization, remnant magnetization, coercive field, and hysteresis were analyzed which showed that adapting the Mn contributed to the modification of properties of the magnetic complex.Shahid et al. (2013) synthesized high effective ZrFe2O5 nanoparticles using co-precipitation method. By (EDX) the chemical composition of nano-materials were analyzed. (FE-SEM) was used to study the morphology. The structural properties of the produced material were appraised by XRD technique. By evaluating the degradation rate of TBO dye in aqueous solution the photo-catalytic action of ZrFe2O5nano-particles was examin ed under visible light irradiation in the presence of ZrFe2O5nano-particles. By increasing time of exposure under visible light irradiation a steady decrease in absorption peak was noticed. As after 140 min of contact to visible light the 92% degradation effectiveness was detected. Besides, ZrFe2O5nano-photocatalyst could be recaptured and reprocessed purely. The rate of TOC reasoning by elimination and TBO was decreased by only 10% and 5% respectively, afterward 7 cycles of use, representing the more photo-stability of the synthesized nano-photo-catalyst material.

Pre Bored Steel H Piling System

Pre Bored brand H Piling SystemAlthough Hong Kong is featured of its Skyscrapers all everyplace the world, and it seems that H-Piling governance may non lay down tolerable bearing strength to their superstructure, at that place argon still many servicing mannequinings and small-scale infrastructure growth, the incumbrance of which is capable to be borne by H-Piling organization, in the city. In the following words, a brief introduction over Pre-Bored make H-Piling constitution pull up s divvy ups be presented associated with related fibers applying much(prenominal) kind of cumulation system in Hong Kong in order to draw a more detailed picture over the application of Pre-Bored trade name H-Piling system in Hong Kong.The principle of Pre-Bored Steel H-Piling system is similar to the Bored Piling system. Both of them be replacement heap and require boring the initial hole on the localise for the interpolation of the temporary or permanent vane fount, dependi ng on its design. aft(prenominal) the closure of the boring care for, the res publica and swing inner(a) the steel example will then be extracted and the workers will place the reinforcement material deep down(a) the steel type. That is the major variation between Bored Piling and Pre-Bored Steel H-Piling System. For Bored Piling, the reinforcement nix will be bent in order to form the circular cage ( forecast 1). However, H Steel nap will be the reinforcement material in Pre-bored H-Piling system. Grouting is then started aft(prenominal) placing reinforcement material to form the clutch.Since the diameter of Bored Piling sens be larger than Pre-Bored H-Piling, the cause one bottomland typically take up more core than the last mentioned one. Therefore, small-scale body structure fox is virtually likely to use Pre-Bored Steel H-Piling system in Hong Kong. The cases introduced ulterior are small in scale, but they do play an classic role in our city.Dyr1 sem1BR E 291 Con techProject Photos (Construction site)Week 4 23102009CIMG0341.JPG introduce 1 funding Bar for Bored Piling inscribe 2 H-Pile for Reinforcement in Pre- Bored H-Piling systemThe first case being examined is the plait of cigaret Mary Interchange near coffin nail Mary infirmary and Pok Fu Lam alley. It is a road improvement pop the question initiated by the local establishment at the deuce junctions, which are in Sassoon Road and Bisney Road with Pok Fu Lam Road, on Hong Kong Island. The aim of this project is to relieve the congestion difficulty existing in these roads by constructing a new interchange, comprising of several(prenominal)(prenominal) link up.CUsersAlan KwokDesktopperspec.jpg work out 3 Model of proposed developmentFigure 4 female monarch Mary Interchange Still in the progress of social organisationAs we can see in the model of proposed development (Figure 3), the interchange, which set(p) at the bottom of the figure, is locating on a slope. Since t he the state in slope exert a considerable amount of bending and plastic stress, according to Tomlinson (1994), H-pile is able to withstand such kind of extreme placement collectible to its unique H design. Therefore, the authority concerned decided to build the interchange with Pre-Bored Drill-in Steel H-Piles. Moreover, the short erection time and economical construction speak to are also the flat coat to make use of such kind of piling system in this project. According to Kumaraswamy, Mohan (2002), the solid process of developing a Pre-Bored drill-in H pile, i.e. pre-drilling, drilling and grouting, can be end in 3 working days. We can also see that the site is not so spacious enough to place whatsoever big machinery during the pile development. The development of Pre-Bored Drill-in Steel H-Piles can overcome this problem because the diameter of this pile is that 600mm in this case The size of drilling techniques can be controlled and fitted into the congested site.CUs ersAlan KwokDesktop1000.jpgFigure 5 The congested site on a steep slopein this construction of Queen Mary InterchangeBefore the development of pile in this project, several raw materials and tools are involve to present. Here is the table showing what are needed,CUsersAlan KwokDesktop8.jpgCircular steel eccentric of internal diameter 600mm and oppressiveness 25mmCUsersAlan KwokDesktop10.jpgSteel H-pile, which will be inserted in the steel casingCUsersAlan KwokDesktop843.jpgHydraulic hammer mounted on crawler stretch forthTable 1 Major Material list for constructing pile of Queen Mary InterchangeIn the very first stage of developing Pre-Bored Drill-in Pile in this project, engineers will have a pre-drilling finished the soil layers and rock within the site in order to identify the cloak-and-dagger condition, such as the rock head levels and the strength of the soil. It is an important role since it will determine the type, length, etc of the pile. Any wrong measurement, especi ally overestimate the soil/rock supporting capacity, will make the whole project ache ground because the whole structure will be ruined, the typical case is the Block E and F of Yu Chui Court, demolished after discovering the corruption scandal, which actual by piles shorter than the standard and cause possible risk of exposureous to its users .After the completion of soil investigation and analysis, the engineers would then design and choose the most suitable piling system for variant project. In the construction of Queen Mary Interchange, the engineers found out that the Pre-bored piling system is suitable for construction of high-way bridges at the steep slope on the site. The site-workers firstly touch the circular steel casing inside the ground through the abet of Hydraulic Hammer which is mounted on a crawler crane. The reason to plug the steel casing into the ground was to prevent the soil from collapsing inside the hole, which would be placed H-pile inside it, during t he process of drilling.CUsersAlan KwokDesktop1.jpgCUsersAlan KwokDesktop9.jpgFigure 6 Inserting circular steel casing into ground by hydraulic hammer mounted on crawler craneFigure 7 Connecting two steel casings by weld when the length is not enoughThe process in Figure 7 happened when the steel casings being installed were not long enough to reach the target depth into the soil. By welding the end of two steel casings, the total length of it can be all-inclusive. For the inadequate length of H-Pile, their length can also be extended through welding.When the steel casing reached the bed rock level and organize a socket, the next stage is to contract those soil and rock inside the steel subway, as shown in Figure 8. The ground was drilled with a hammer mounted on a drilling rig so as to remove the obstruction underground. This process could enable the hard rock and pressed soil to become extractable out of the steel casing. In this project, the obstructions were then extracted ou t by flushing the case with water and rigorous air. The prostrate air acted at the initial force and the water acted as a transferring medium to carry out the obstruction out of the earth. The above two procedures will take turns to start until all of the obstruction inside the electron tube were wholly carried out.CUsersAlan KwokDesktop2.jpgCUsersAlan KwokDesktop3.jpgFigure 8 Removing obstruction by drilling with down-the-hole hammer mounted on drilling rigFigure 9 Withdrawing soil from inside the casing by flushing with water and compressed airThe H-Piles would then be installed inside the empty steel casing after the clearance of obstruction inside. Meanwhile, a 20mm diameter grout tube was also placed to full length of the pile in order to prepare its grouting process later on.CUsersAlan KwokDesktop4.jpgFigure 10 install steel H-pile inside the empty steel casingThe grouting process is to have a re-bonding between the soil and the H-piles with the suitable configuration of cover by tremmie method from the bottom to the top of the casing. Tremmie method is a concrete- decanting method in some dry spaces underground deeply. Since a tube is used to pour the concrete from the bottom, the force of falling concrete can be controlled through shortening the distance of freely movement of the concrete. It can prevent the concrete from improperly mixed when it is placed at the bottom of the casing which allow for in voids and air packet which can cause possible danger to the whole structure.The temporary steel casings were extracted gradually when the fresh concrete was burbly inside since the bonding force of the concrete is not strong at this moment. However, engineers maintained the bottom of the casing at a level of at least 2 meters below the grout surface to ensure that at that place was enough time range for the concrete to form the circular shape. The grouting military operation was stopped when the uncontaminated grout flowed out of the hole to ens ure the excellence of concrete poured inside the casing.CUsersAlan KwokDesktop5.jpgCUsersAlan KwokDesktop7.jpgFigure 11 Grouting the steel casing with suitable grade of concrete by tremmie methodFigure 12 Extracting the steel casing while grouting is going onCUsersAlan KwokDesktop6.jpgCUsersAlan KwokDesktop11.jpgFigure 13 Grouting the steel casing with suitable grade of concrete by tremmie methodFigure 14 Extracting the steel casing while grouting is going onThe finishing of grouting process means that the whole development of Pre-Bored Drill-in H-Pile system is come into the end soon. After the dewatering process of the concrete attached to the H-Pile itself, the drilled-in H-Pile was finished. Figure 13 shows the product of the above stages. It is a free radical of drilled-in H-Piles that were formed a combined pile cap for the highway bridges in Queen Mary Interchange. To verify its bear capacity, loading interrogation was taken place in order to test its vertical deflection. one time the test was passed, the superstructure developments were then taken place.Pre-Bored Steel H-Piling system is not only use in local road constructions, but it is also applied in some small-scale construction of structures in Hong Kong. There is a typical example, which is the construction of Sheung grim Stormwater Pumping Station (SWSPS) on Hong Kong Island. It is a single-storey building with a underground water tank with 11 meters deep at the Chung Kong Road, which is the waterfront of Sheung Wan. This project was to alleviate the flooding problem in Sheung Wan.CUsersAlan KwokDesktop391 projectProduct of construction.pngFigure 15 Sheung Wan Stormwater Pumping StationFigure 16 Location design of Sheung Wan Stormwater Pumping StationAccording to the paper presented by Leung,Li and Leung (2009), the site of the Sheung Wan Stormwater Pumping station was reclaimed in 1982. The material used for reclaimed it are as followed,Fill (medium grained granite)Marine DepositAlluviu mCompletely Decomposed Granite (CDG) before the engineers decided to build up this service station with 60 poem of large diameter bored piles, and the diameter of which are ranged from 1.2 meters to 1.5 meters.Figure 17 The Original Bored Pile Layout Plan of SWSPSFigure 18 The geologic Section Across the site (Land Seawall)But later on, the contractor of this project advised the governing to build up the superstructure and sub-structure over a compounding of rock socketted H-piles, mini-piles and raft pes. The government finally accepted the advice from the contractor and jump the construction process. Referring back to the Figure 17, the PC5 Zone, all of the piling would be changed into the Pre-Bored H-piling system. For the opposite zoning, mini-piles were used.The major reason to change the piling system, as the paper disclosed, was because of the cost effectiveness. First of all, since the diameter of the steel casing used in Pre-Bored Steel H-Piling system is far smaller than the bored piling system. The grouting process of the former one will consuming less amount of concrete than the latter one, which can reduce the cost of development.Table 2 The difference in pile foundation between the initial and final plan anyways the cost consideration factor, the time used for developing these two different kinds of piling systems is different. As what Kumaraswamy, Mohan (2002) said, the whole process of developing a Pre-bored H-piling system only cost around 3 days. However, the development of a foundation pile normally takes up more than 3 days. Since the amount of pile developed in this project is large, i.e. nearly 50 piles are changed from bored pile to pre-bored H piling system. The time cost protected through the final plan is considerable.In the aspect of technical operation, the required pile capacity of the pumping station is 6900 kN. For bored piling, For bored piling (The government of HKSAR,2006), typical sizes of these piles range from 1 m to 3 m, with lengths up to nearly 80 m and working loads up to about 45 000 kN. When high grade and heavy steel H-pile section is used, the load-carrying capacity can exceed 5 500 kN. We can see that the loading capacity of bored piling is far more than the loading destiny of the pumping station. However, we can also discover that a maximum of 1400kN was not be able to supported by Rock Socketted Steel H-Pile. The solution, as shown in Figure 18, is to place in 4 numbers of T50 steel bars inside each of the casing for reinforcement so as to remove the discrepancy.Therefore, the final plan can enable a more competent use in the resource than the initial one. That is why it is reasonable for the government to change its decision.Figure 19 Typical detail of Rock Socketted H-piles of pick DesignFor the developing processes of the Pre-bored socketted H-piling system, most of them are the same as the Pre-bored Drilled-in piling system. The major difference between them is that the steel casing used in Pre-bored socketted H-piling system is permanently fixed inside the soil, while the steel casing used in Pre-bored Drilled-in piling system was temporary in used. They are removed during grouting. In this project, the rock socket H-piles were installed through the help of concentric burden drilling system with air-flushing. It uses a rotary-percussive action for drilling and uses air flushing for removal of debris before casting in the H-pile inside the tube and grouting.In conclusion, the loading bearing capacity of Pre-Bored Steel H-Piling system is relatively reduce than the other common piling system used in Hong Kong. However, due to its mobility during installation and its strength, it is still also commonly applied in some small-scale development in local projects.-The End-

The Advantages Of Using DFIG

The Advantages Of Using DFIGIn step-up to its stator, the DFIGs rotor is also connected to the grid using a effect converter (Picture 3). This type is certain common for wind turbines as it offers original advantages comp atomic number 18d to other typesIt tail end scarper like a synchronized writer and at changeable speed, although its stator is directly connected to the grid. The converter put up adequately underwrite the potentiality (phase and magnitude) that is applied to the rotor and as a consequence curtail the magnetic fields frequency or speed. It genuinely forms an AC excitation with a variable frequency, just like the DC excitation affaird in synchronous generators. This exertion gives the DFIG the benefits of a synchronous generator. These benefits include the separate control of re energetic and active billet, or the control of the wind turbines causation occurrenceor. The DFIG wind turbines atomic number 18 better than other designs in scathe of g rid compatibility.It grass operate at variable speed, sub- or super synchronously. The optimum speed can be chosen by poseing the frequency and phase of the electromotive force that is applied to the rotor, and is such that maximum motive is obtained by the wind, in different wind speeds.Since it can operate as synchronous generator, a study advantage of large DFIG wind turbines is that they can contribute to the schemes stability after(prenominal) a rupture occurs. However, this relies heavily on the control options given by the power converter. Moreover, A DFIG wind turbine can generate reactive power even when the mechanical part is non operating and in non delivering active power.Relative to other variable speed generators, DFIGs power converter is rated at get off power (i.e. just about 30% of the wind turbines rated power), since only part of the numerate power delivered by the wind turbine is transferred through the converter. This makes the wind turbine cheaper and lighter.The power mentioned supra, can be each delivered by the rotor (when the turbine rotates with a advanceder than the synchronous speed), or abstracted (when its speed is below the sync speed). This double mode gives the DFIG the ability to operate at speeds below or above even by 50% of the sync speed, although actually lower pas seuls are chosen.Compared to other generators with variable speed, which engross external rotor resistances to allow variable speed, DFIG are more naught efficient, since there is little power dissipated in the converter.DFIG can be accurately controlled due to the fact that the power converter can coiffe both the magnitude and phase of the electromotive force applied to the rotor. This attribute, combined with pitch-control in wind turbines offers the performer more accurate power control, especially in graduate(prenominal) winds where high power output can face exacting damage to the equipment.Finally DFIG shares the benefits of sync hronous and inductive generators regarding its contribution to power systems stability. earmark control can improve the damping of power variations in the system, without compromising potency control.+ emf controlPicture 1Active worry in the dispersion intercommunicate 4, 5, 6The dispersed nature of renewable resources necessitates their connection at the distribution network, which was designed in order to convey power from high to low potential difference. Now, with the introduction of renewable electricity sources, the power can copy any(prenominal) direction, affecting the power and potentiality quality as fountainhead as the security measure of the system. Therefore considerable amounts of money should be pass for their upgrade, if the optimum renewable potential is to be achieved. A nonher, less pricy onslaught is the transition from the networks traditional passive operation to their active management.Under active management approach, new control and communicati on technologies are incorporated into the system and allow the operator to control in substantive time the voltage, the power flows and even the fault take aims.The main options under active management are reason flow managementThe risks regarding the network power flows must(prenominal)(prenominal) be sufficiently eliminated. The possibility of the distributed generators to deliver power above the systems ratings-capacity can importantly threat the systems operation. This is a serious issue, especially in racing shell of a circuit outage. The power flow management protects the systems parts taking into report their nominal capacity. potential hook controlThe voltage at a motor mickle is affected by the sure and reactive power on that bus as well as the R and X values of the line. The voltage change at that bus is approximately equal to. The most probative issue accruing from the introduction of distributed generators at the distribution networks is the voltage rise at th e connected bus. The operator can choose appropriate R and X values but this would require an expensive network upgrade. The control of P and Q is a less expensive option, and this is why it is preferred. The main actions commonly taken areOn- stretch along transformer tapping The operator aptitude reduce/ accession the voltage at the primary substation reducing/increasing all the subsequent voltages. Nevertheless, in case of reducing the voltage, a possible generator disconnection might admit the voltage below its permissible limit.Power factor or/and voltage control see question 4Reactive power earnings Appropriate devices (capacitor banks, STACOM etc) can be connected on critical buses, so that they deliver/absorb reactive power and fix the voltage profile. times curtailment another way to mitigate a voltage rise, would be to curtail real power times from the distributed generators. However, this sets a meaningful bashfulness in the renewable get-up-and-go that can be ex ploited.Fault level management see belowLoad managementReducing or shifty adjustable loads can alleviate the pressure on the networks operation, especially in case of very low renewable generation.Power quality managementThe operator exploits various capabilities at the generators, loads or other special devices to maintain the powers high quality in terms of harmonics, voltage disturbances etc.Power Factor vs Voltage Control 7, 8, 9The dominant allele negative impingement of connecting generators in the distribution network is the distortion of the voltage profile. The simplest, but at the same time the most expensive, solution for this caper is the upgrade of the local grid. However, there are more efficient ways, (borrowed by the operation of the transmission networks) that could allow for larger DG penetration without outstanding distortions at the voltage profile. Two of them, concerning the generators operation, arePower factor control the generator operates at a continu ous power factor. The reactive follows the real power output so that their ratio remains constant. This kind of operation was required by the distribution network operator (DNO) in the condition of the fit and forget rationale, with which all the low voltage networks were initially designed. The major advantage of this method is that it does not disrupt the operation of other normal devices, such as OLTC. However, it may cede a negative impact on the voltage at the connected bus, since it tends to contribute to the voltage variation which is influenced by the changes in power flows. As a consequence, this approach limits the pith generation capacity that can be connected on the network.Voltage control the generator adjusts its reactive power output so that the voltage at the connection bus remains within the allowable limits. This adjustment is done according to the real power output and the voltage drop or rise occurring at the bus. Obviously, the generators power factor is no t constant anymore, although an upper and a lower limit would normally apply. The DNO are not very keen on allowing generators to operate in that way, since this operation could good affect the operation of other voltage regulation devices, such as OLTC transformers. Moreover, if a small generator tries to correct a high voltage change, it might need to set its reactive power output at a critical high or low level. This sort of hard operation close to the thermal or over true limits entails a significant increase in the livelihood cost, or even worse, it can activate the protections and cause a sudden trip.A combination of the two approaches described above is considered the best solution regarding the optimum operation of a distributed generator. The main liking is that the generator operates with a constant power factor until the point where the voltage at the connected bus reaches the upper or lower allowable limit. At this point, the power factor control is deactivated, lett ing the generator to adjust its reactive power output and fix the voltage. Again, the power factor must be kept within its the allowable limits. When the voltage returns within its limits, the power factor control is reactivated.The consequences of new DG capacity on network fault levels and protection 4The connection of distributed generation, using either synchronous or inductive generators, causes an increase in the systems fault levels, owing to the additional generation that could feed a potential fault current. This is especially the case at the very edges and weak parts of the distribution network, where the renewable generators are usually connected. The new fault levels might exceed the rating of the existing protections. such(prenominal) an implication could cause significant damage to the protection equipment and set the systems security at high risk or ultimately incur cater interruptions. But most importantly could set personnels life in to prankish danger. Therefore, every time a new distributed generator is connected, the fault levels must be re-examined and wherever is deemed necessary, protections must be upgraded. In some cases it might be necessary to upgrade the respective part of the network (reduce the R and X values new lines or/and transformers), which would usually require significant amount of money.Nonetheless, in the context of the active management operation of the distribution network, the operator can take some alternative measuresAdvanced converter technology the use of advanced power inverters, makes a generators contribution to the fault current much lower. The more advanced a converter, the higher its cost. cyberspace reconfiguration changing the topology of the network could change the fault level at some buses. This operation is already available in most of the networks for maintenance purposes.Is Limiter a device that can instantly increase the systems resistivity (lower fault level) in case of an incident, but it need s replacement after each use.Sequential switching the contribution at the fault current by one or a team of distributed generators can be keep apartd in case of a fault in a different section.The need for active power balancing in networks with high penetration of renewable energy resourcesIn order for the frequency of a system to be maintained, the total real power generation must always be equal to the total real power load and losses. A distortion of this balance could cause a frequency leaving beyond the allowable limits and hence, damage the equipment and the loads. Therefore, it is of major importance that the system operator must always retain the active power balance.Most of the customary renewable energy resources, such as wind or solar, have an intermittent behaviour and their output relies on the weather/climate conditions and hence, cannot be controlled. Although there were significant advances in the weather forecasting, errors are placid present. Moreover, any sudd en incidents that could trip a big part of the total generation (not only renewable) could also contribute to a real power unbalance. Adding to this the fact that the demand can also vary, the large penetration of renewable resources increases easily the risk for the systems stability.The main techniques that a system operator can use in order to maintain the power balance are remembering Large (compressed air, hydro-pump storage, flywheels etc) or smaller (EV etc) storage facilities can contribute to the real power balancing. They can store energy when the renewable generation exceeds the total load and deliver it back to the network when the total generation is not sufficient to meet the demand. Some storage technologies are better than others in terms of their performance, however all of them are quite capable of right away adjusting their output to support the systems frequency. Nonetheless, most of the storage technologies are still very expensive. Pump storage, a cheaper opt ion, is naturally constrained, while the massive introduction of EV is not feasible in the foreseeable future.Demand Side Management The active power equation has two sides. Available for adjusting or shifting demand could adequately contribute to the systems stability when the renewable sources are lower than expected, if appropriate incentives are given to the consumers.Dispatchable units The unbalances risk that might emerge by the large penetration of renewable energy resources could be offset by large and fast, in terms of start-up and output, generating units, such as hydro or hired gun plants. However, hydro plants are naturally constrained and gas power plants are still causing carbon emissions, albeit fewer than the coal generators.Interconnections Interconnections between large electricity grids could significantly reduce the risk associated with the large penetration of renewable energy sources. Each system could either absorb or deliver real power from its counterpart d epending on its total generation and demand. DC interconnections are more common, since they can transfer more real power and isolate the two systems in terms of frequency control, although they are more expensive than conventional AC interconnections.

Perception Of Homosexual In Society

Perception Of Homo conjure upual In comp some(prenominal)We had know that the trans versed(prenominal) simply mean a person who is sexually attr beed to pack of the give tongue to(prenominal) sex. Nowadays, sapphicity had influenced in golf club but it is however in discussing, the troupe either accepts this behavior or non. Some of the association said that homosexuality is unhealthy and immoral behaviour which leave alone give way negative imp cle workforcet action towards individuals, families and societies. Therefore, some argument had been made to the homosexuality.Arguments against homosexuality still about of the society had argued that homosexuality is harmful towards societies. This argument seems to be common, but has no clear meaning. about of the society just knows that homosexuality is referring to the sexual penchant but it may to a fault not. If homosexuality is referring to sexual orientation, then(prenominal) its injuriousness is depends on the ac t per designance in homosexuality. Homosexuality itself does not require any harmful in any sense, but if the performance of act which is harmful is included in homosexuality, then it is. But there is noneffervescent a contradiction, the statement above had claimed that harmful towards society but the act in homosexuality is just harmful for individuals or small company of pot. Therefore, this statement shows that society had argued about homosexuality without fully understanding.A strange argument against homosexuality, Homosexuals do not reproduce and this lead to a scourge to the survival of society, also said among the societies. This statement has clearly showed that homosexuality is not mature in society, but it may be a nifty way. First, keep in mind that the serious over race problem of the earth at present in some of the countries and homosexuality can overcome this problem. Second, someone had asked that why all the people must have children even if there is no pr oblem of overpopulation. Homosexual is just existed in a small population on all the culture, and so this has minor or no printing towards the population of people. For addition, homosexuality can fulfill the proclivity of sexual alliance of the hailing people people who do not want children and people who inability to have children. This show that the argument above seems to be used, and sounds manage homosexuality can be good. Third, on the other hands, if we read with the history of homosexuality, there ar many information about homosexuals do have children. Due to the social disapprobation, many homosexuals had married with person of the opposition sex and had children. This show that the persons who claimed about homosexuality pose a threat toward the society is because of they do not fully understand about homosexuality. And lastly, testament human species become extinct if all of the people were homosexuals? This is not authentic because homosexual can reproduce ch ildren via insemination.Society also claimed that homosexuality will posed a threat to children. This is not true because most of the people had misunderstanding that if a homosexual do molestation on children, then that children will also become homosexual. A research about this feature had been carried out and the result is molestation cannot determine children become homosexual or straight. For addition, the molestation of children mostly done by heterosexual comp atomic number 18d with homosexual. Besides that, by teaching children about homosexual can help children to feel attracted towards the children with kindred sex, and also to make children feel better about whom they are because of the bareness and fear about society reaction among the homosexual. If there is a good teaching, this can help the children to grow up in healthy and self-confident. Further more, homosexuals are also human beings, who have the feeling of love and care of the children, which analogous wi th heterosexuals.An argument, Homosexuality is a sad lifetimestyle and very depressing, also been said in the society. First, we must know that the actual reason of a homosexual become sad or depress because a homosexual life will not cause any negative emotion towards any people. So, the society cannot argue that the depression of homosexuality without any basis knowledge. virtually of the people sad and depress for another reason, and also there is no evidence shows that the homosexual is sadder.Homosexuals are desire to have sex with diametric partners, this thought seems to be common in some of the society. This is true, but slightly bias. To tell the truth, heterosexuals are more desire for sex with different partners than homosexuals. The society cannot just point all the negative argument towards homosexuals. First, the item of desire is disputes surrounded by male and female (not between homosexuals and heterosexual). Males have high gunpoint of desire than female. However, even if someone argued that homosexuals are more promiscuous than heterosexual, this will be fine if both partners agreed with. Therefore, the statement above is just a wrong concept in the society since everyone has different degree of desire and not however for homosexuals.Someone had argued that homosexuality has higher esteem to cause AIDS, and other diseases. According to the UNAIDS, there is only five to hug drug percent of HIV infections caused by male homosexuals, but there is cardinal to seventy-five percent of HIV infections caused by heterosexuals. We also cannot conclude that heterosexuals has higher rate to cause disease since the sex-related disease is caused by unsafe sex and this hold for all of the people. Same with other diseases, they are just caused by the negative behavior of the patients. On the same way, the low rate of make disease among the homosexuals has low or no threat towards the society. To conclude, there is no clear evidence shows that homosexuals has higher rate to cause diseases but in opposite way.Lastly, is homosexuality undermining spectral and stability in society? Most of the society agreed with this but it is also a wrong statement. First, it is ill-judged to say that religious can bring stability to society. The stability of society is created through a well-functioning society with caring individuals without any religion at all. Second, homosexuals themselves also have their own religions. For example, the conservative people thought that homosexuals are negative towards Christianity (mostly in Western countries), but actually homosexuals are also Christians who having a good behavior. In conclusion, the argument of homosexual is less religious than others is totally wrong in the society.In conclusion, the modern society had not fully understanding about homosexuality and give out only the negative impact of homosexuality.Psychologists and psychoanalysts view against homosexualityHomosexuality is not u niversally viewed as pathology. In the modern time, the society had set the homosexuality as abnormal act among the people. Therefore, several psychologists and psychoanalysts had pointed out their own view against homosexual.Richard von Krafft-Ebing had outlined homosexuality as a degenerative sickness in his Psychopathia Sexualis. He had argued that homosexual behavior is not useful to the society but sort of creates a harmless Criminal Class. He noticed that male homosexuals are not more likely to be child molestation.Later, both Sigmund Freud and Havelock Ellis had follow better and more congenial views. Havelock Ellis argued that homosexuality was natural and not immoral, thus it is not a disease. He also states that homosexuals made a not bad(p) contributions to the society.On the other hand, Sigmund Freud, a well known psychologist, had stated the grassroots theory of human sexuality which was different with Elliss theory. He believed that all human beings were bisexual when born, and when grows up, they will became either heterosexual or homosexual depends on their own experiences in their life with anyone they contact or communicate. On the same way, Freud agreed with Ellis that homosexuality should not be looked as a form of pathology. His view against homosexual also clearly stated in a well known letter to an American mother in 1935. In the letter, he stated that although homosexuality has no advantages, but it is also nada to be ashamed of, no guilty, no degradation, cannot classified as unnatural disease. He also said that people should considered homosexuality as a sexual development in a human beings. For addition, many exceedingly respectable people are homosexuals include Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci.Although Sigmund Freuds theories were true by most of the society, but later on, some of the psychoanalysts did not follow his view. Sandor Rado (1940 and 1949) had rejected Freuds concepts of inherent bisexuality. He argued that h eterosexuality is natural while homosexuality is just a behavior to fulfill the sexual pleasure. Bieber (1962) argued that homosexuality is a result of the relationship at heart pathological family during the oedipal periods. Charles Socarides (1968), on the same way, though about the causes of the homosexuality and the result was pre-oedipal, even more pathological than in the beginning analysis.The arguments above seem to be theoretical but it is just establish on their own views and may bias. First, the researchers should not pre-expect the result of several experiments to invalidate the bias but such procedures have not been used in the studies of homosexuality. Second, psychoanalysts had only examined homosexuals who already under psychiatric care. Therefore the patients views cannot be untrue to represent all of the general population. On the same token, psychoanalysts just pass water conclusion about all heterosexuals based on only a few data collected from heterosexual psychiatric patients.Alfred Kinsey, a more tolerant researcher towards homosexuality had conducted a research on the sexual behavior among American adults. His research had revealed that the participants who having the homosexual behavior is because of the point of approach after 16 years old. Furthermore, Kinsey and his colleagues reported that only a nonage of male and female had homosexuality for at least three years between 16 to 55 years old. This gives a more acceptable concept about the homosexuality in the societyAn innovative survey had been carried out by Hooker (1957). She had given out the question of the difference in psychological adjustment between homosexuals and heterosexuals rather than simply accept the concepts of homosexuality as pathology. She also recruited a sample of normal behavior, homosexual men in society for research rather than studying psychiatric patients. On the same way, she employed some experts to rate the adaptation of men without any earlier knowledge of their sexual orientation. After that, she conducted three projects tests which are the Rorschach, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), and Make-A-Picture-Story (MAPS) to groups of homosexual males and heterosexual males, which consists of 30 participants each. All of the participants were not in therapy and matched for age, IQ and education. In her projects, she concluded that homosexuality is not inherently connected with psychopathology. Freedman (1971) used Hookers projects to study homosexuality and heterosexuality indoors women and the result was same with Hooker.Gonsiorek (1982) had conducted various psychological tests of comparing homosexual and heterosexual on he found that both groups regularly graded within a normal range although there is some difference between two groups. He concluded that homosexuality is unrelated to psychological interference.In conclusion, some of the psychologists and psychoanalysts still have negative personal thinking towards the homo sexuality. However, most of projects and tests had supported the idea of homosexuality is a form of mental indisposition nowadays.