History of the Telescope

Introduction Telescope is an instrument used to observe minute objects. It has the capability of collecting and analyzing radiations from objects that are at a distance. It has an electromagnetic spectrum that helps to magnify the size of an image when taking a photograph.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of the Telescope specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Information is also collected/ gathered through image sensor. There are various types of telescopes that are operational but the most common one is called optical telescope (Dupre 2008, p. 250). This category of telescope has mirrors / lens that are used to magnify objects that are at distance or help to increase the brightness of objects that are faint. Furthermore, optical telescopes are classified under three categories. One of them is called refractors. This kind of telescopes use lenses to magnify objects also called dioptics. The second is called ref lectors and use mirrors for magnification also called catoptrics. The third category is known as catadioptric. This uses both mirrors and lenses to magnify objects. Background information The history of telescope dates back from 1608 when the first refracting optical telescope was invented. The telescope recorded for the first time in Netherlands. The invention is credited to Lippershey Hans and Janseen Zacharias in Middelburg, who used to make spectacles. Another important contributor who was also a manufacturer of instruments as well as optician was Metius Jacob came from Alkmaar. Later on, Galileo improved these inventions. He was later accredited as the first person to use his telescope in astronomy. In his telescope, he adopted the designs that were used by Hans.Advertising Looking for essay on astronomy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hans’ design had used a concave eye lens and convex objective lens, which he ad opted. His new telescope therefore was an improvement to that of Hans and it was popularly known as the Galilean telescope. This was not to be end of the journey in terms of improvement of the telescope. Kepler Johannes came with a proposal that sort to improve on the Galileo telescope. His new design was to be made using convex eyepiece. The telescope was also named after the founder – Keplerian telescope. The invention of achromatic during 18th century brought about great development as refractors were used in the telescopes (Consolmagno Dun 1989). This kind of telescope solved the problem of chromatic aberration that was witnessed in the Keplerian telescopes. The new telescopes had the potential of functioning in shorter instruments that had large objectives. However, this was not to be the end of the road as new ideas cropped up among scientists. Important figures such as Giovanin Sagredo, Isaac Newton and James Gregory worked on various studies to improve on the telesco pes. Improvements in reflecting telescopes saw the parabolic mirror improved in 18th century, and then silver-coated glass mirrors were adopted in 19th century. The invention reached its peak in 20th century when the mirrors were coated with aluminum that could last long. By the middle of 20th century, cataddioptric telescopes were invented, which provided satisfactory services. One of the popular models of this kind of telescope is Schmidt camera. This camera used both mirrors and lens to magnify objects that are at distance and to make faint objects appear brighter (Mark, Maureen Ahmed 2001).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of the Telescope specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It could also be used in imaging without using spherical aberration. By late 20th century, more sophisticated/advanced telescopes such as space telescope and adaptive optics had been invented to be used by an astronologist in viewin g distance objects and carrying out their researches. Currently, more sophisticated and advanced telescopes are being invented that provide fine imaging. The history of telescope is therefore very long. Development of these instruments has faced a lot of challenges but scientists are succeeding in their inventions. Development of telescope to the largest The advancement /development of the telescope has kept on improving as the years went on. From the Catadioptric telescopes, which operated at between 300nm-1100nm, came infrared, radio and millimeter wave, x-rays, ultraviolet and gamma rays that were used in larger areas due to their advanced capability. Infrared telescopes operate at a wider range. They are used in examining emissions that come from the gas clouds. When they are used, they are usually located in areas of high altitude because water vapor in the atmosphere absorbs some of the radiations that are transmitted. This kind of telescope was used by the NASA in 1983. It wa s able to survey the sky opening new avenues for the astronomers on various issues in the sky leading to discoveries. The infrared telescopes were further improved leading to invention of other new kinds of infrared telescopes like infrared optimized telescope. This telescope has a diameter of 8m facility and was used at Mauna Kea in the city of Hawaii (Coward 2001, p. 1922). Radio astronomy is yet another kind of telescope that was invented during the World War II. This telescope has the capability of examining radio emissions that are coming from the sky.Advertising Looking for essay on astronomy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Radio telescopes, which were developed in early 20th century, were simple compared to the current ones. Their antenna was made from wires. The dish was introduced in 1950 and gained popularity as most astronomers used it in their studies. Large telescope were built in the mid-20th century during the Second World War. Their development can be summarized into six major categories since the Second World War. The latest largest telescope was called the Hale telescopes. Its core founder was Geoffrey Hale who succumbed to death in 1938. The telescope was completed under the management and direction of Max Mason, who was the president of Rockefeller foundation and died in 1961(Antoni 2011, P. 34). Under the diminishing returns/ new tools, was oschin Schmidt telescope. This was also large and during that time, the telescope could not be made larger any more because of some limitations: thermal stability required thinner and small mirrors, the atmospheric pressure had some problems and fabri cating big mirror was a challenge. The third category was the MMT and Keck telescopes. These telescopes solved/addressed the problems that were experienced in the diminishing returns era. An example of such telescope was Mount Hopkins multiple mirror telescope (Gehrz 2010, P. 1004). The fourth generation was adaptive optics and modern optical interfrometry, which were very thin with a size of around 20 centimeters in thickness. The fifth generation was called very large telescope/ large binocular telescope. They had four telescopes that could function separately. They have a unitary mirror measuring 8.2 meters in its diameter (Ali, Eftekhar, Adibi Farid 2012, p. 46). Other new telescopes include US overwhelmingly large telescope OWL. They were extra larger and were found not to function properly. The telescopes have revolutionized and the modern telescopes are known as computer revolution. These kinds of telescopes are installed with electrical systems that help in production of di gital data instead of the usual photographic images. The adaptive mirror and the alt azimuth mountings function as control system. Examples of these telescopes include Telescope, Technologies Ltd, vista telescope and Sloan digital sky survey SDSS. These telescopes have a wider diameter compared to other versions (Huiyun, Zhenhai Jinbao 2012, p. 25). Since the early 20th century, many more innovations and developments have been invented. Advanced telescopes that were applicable to different situations became a reality. They also could be used to view very wide distances into the sky compared to the earlier ones. Plans for the future As time goes by and technology advances, various institutions dealing with research are also working hard to ensure that they develop telescopes that will be used in future to assist in their studies. As time elapses, the environmental changes require change of telescopes that will be able to provide sufficient information or discovery for planning. Ther efore, to ensure that the future is well guaranteed, various research organizations have teamed up to develop advanced telescopes for the same purpose (Tucker Tucker 1986). For instance, Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Science [ARIES], a research institute functioning under the department of science and technology together with the India government have teamed up to develop an optical telescope 1.3 m and 3.6 m at the Devasthal in Nainital. Other institutes that are also contributing to the development of a 3.6 m telescope include Bangalore, Tata institute of fundamental to research and India institute of Astrophysics (Sagar 2011, p. 1020). They are working from Mumbai. Belgium and Russia are also participating in the project under the bilateral arrangements that require cooperation in issues to do with science and technology in India. Plans are also underway to set up two more survey telescope that are meant for specific purposes. One of the telescopes is 0.5-m wide field, which is equivalent to 25 square degrees. This telescope is called Schmidt and is being carried out at the Manora peak. The telescope is being designed behind the scenes. A baker Numm satellite, which is a tracking camera, is the telescope that is being changed or converted to the Schmidt telescope. The second telescope is called liquid mirror telescope and has 4-m. it is planed to be set at Devasthal (Sagar 2011, p. 1020). The new and modern telescope 3.6 m that is expected to be set is designed to provide high spectral resolution. Therefore, this telescope will have the capability of seeing limited images that are not visible and those that are near infrared. Furthermore, the telescope is expected to be used in follow up studies of some of the issues/sources that were identified in the sky using radio region such as UV/X ray (Sagar 2011, p. 1020). New technologies used to meet the need of large increasing telescopes The larger telescopes are very heavy and therefore require invention of new technologies that are able to support them. For instance, some of the telescopes are made using trusses as opposed to tubes. The idea behind this is to ensure that the telescopes are well supported even during windy climate. Tubes cannot support the weight of the telescopes because they are weak and vulnerable to wind. Therefore, many of the large professional telescopes are trusses. Some of the larger telescopes are made using carbon tubes. These are athermalized compared to truss telescopes. This therefore makes them have high stability because they are not 100 percent made out of aluminum. They are further protected from the strays of light, which are useful in imaging during the way. Extra larger telescopes are designed with special infrastructure that supports them. Most of the big telescopes are placed on a special designed surface for their support. Others are built in-house and afterwards taken to strategic positions that are well prepared to support them w hile they are being used by the researchers to carry out their investigations. Therefore, as the telescopes development has advanced, appropriate technologies are improvised to ensure that they are well taken care of to ensure that the purpose for which they were invented is achieved. Conclusion It is apparent from the discussion that the history of telescope has come from far. The journey was cozy and full of challenges. However, with the determination and dedication of researchers, they have managed to develop and come up with innovations that have proved successful. Even though more large and sophisticated telescopes have been invented, the quest is still on and researchers are carrying their studies on how they can improve these instruments. The future is unknown but scientists are putting in more efforts to come up with more advanced telescopes that can be counted on in terms of discovering new things in the sky. List of References Ali, H, Eftekhar, A, Adibi, A, Farid, A. 2011 . ‘A Kalman filter based synchronization scheme for telescope array receivers in deep-space optical communication links’, In Optics Communications, vol. 4 no. 4, pp. 5-62. Antoni, R 2011, ‘Review: Progress in focal plane array technologies’, In Progress in Quantum Electronics, vol. 5 no. 3, pp. 34-50. Consolmagno, G Dun, M 1989, Turn Left at Orion, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Coward, D 2011, ‘The Zadko telescope: A resource for science education enrichment’, In Advances in Space Research, vol. 47 no. 11, pp. 1922-1930. Dupre, S 2008, ‘Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes’, Renaissance Quarterly, vol. 61 no. 1, pp. 250-252. Gehrz, R 2010, ‘Status of the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA)’, In Advances in Space Research, vol. 48 no. 6, pp. 1004-1016. Huiyun, W, Zhenhai, S, Jinbao, C. 2012. ‘Optimizations’, In Optics and Laser Technology, vol. 2 no. 2, pp. 25 -30. Mark, H, Maureen, S, Ahmed, Y. 2001. Encyclopedia of Space Science Technology, John Wiley Sons, New York. Sagar, R 2011, ‘The new 130-cm optical telescope at Devasthal, Nainital’, Current Science (00113891), vol. 101 no. 8, pp. 1020-1023. Tucker, W Tucker, K 1986, The Cosmic Inquirers, Harvard University Press, Cambridge. This essay on History of the Telescope was written and submitted by user Amber F. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Essay about Postpartum Depression

Essay about Postpartum Depression Essay about Postpartum Depression Ch. 4 Postpartum depression is a form of depression that occurs after childbirth and affects approximately 10% of women of childbearing age. Postpartum depression can be caused by the extreme drop in a woman’s hormone levels that occur after the delivery of a child. There are different degrees of postpartum depression from baby blues to postpartum psychosis. If left untreated, the disorder can have serious adverse effects on the mother and her relationship with significant others, and on the child's emotional and psychologic development. (Epperson 1999). A woman may not always understand that she is suffering from postpartum depression or may resist seeking treatment for a number of reasons. For example a first time mother may not realize that what they are feeling is not normal. Some women are afraid that they will be viewed as a bad mother or that they are going crazy (Epperson 1999). The different types of depression after childbirth vary with Baby Blues being the most common and lasting only a few day to a week or two, Symptoms of Baby Blues include; trouble sleeping, crying, anxiety and sadness (Mayo Clinic Staff 2012). Postpartum Depression is more severe than baby blues and usually last longer. The symptoms of Postpartum Depression are; severe mood swings, insomnia, difficulty bonding with the baby and withdrawal (Mayo Clinic Staff 2012). The most severe and rarest form of postpartum depression is Postpartum Psychosis which usually surfaces within the first

Management Solutions in Practice Research Paper

Management Solutions in Practice - Research Paper Example A person can access the applications as long as he/she has an access to the internet. â€Å"As long as a computer has Internet access it will be able to use the application† (Cheow 2010). Cloud computing is usually partitioned into three main categories, which include utility computing, web services, and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS). SaaS is considered the simplest way of computing because it is a single application. â€Å"Because there is only one application it is very easy for the company to maintain† (Cheow 2010). SaaS model of cloud computing helps companies save their expenses on buying hardware and software. This model also removes the maintenance costs of the computer systems and applications. â€Å"Some common examples of these types of programs are any online e-mail service or instant messaging† (Brodsky n.d.). If we talk about utility computing, we can say that it is, at present, supplemental kind of computing because it is used for the fulfillment of such needs that are not very critical by nature. However, companies like Amazon and IBM are using this technology to run different processes of their businesses. We can say that with the rise in the popularity level of this form of computing, it may soon become the most useful form of computing for the companies. The third type of cloud computing, .i.e. web services, is used by the companies for a variety of purposes, such as, making online presence of the company, dealing with online customers, and performing web based business activities. â€Å"Providers can offer things such as discrete business services, and other kinds of APIs that are offered by such systems such as Google Maps† (Cheow 2010). In cloud computing, people make use of web services which help them perform their business activities online instead of using traditional methods. Stevens and Pettey (2008)

How To Make Resume Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How To Make Resume - Essay Example 3. When writing your resume, avoid irrelevant details such as marital status, number of children, place of birth, social media names, and nicknames unless the potential employer requests any of the details (English et al 7). However, these details are complimented by an outstanding personal summary. 3. Your personal summary should basically answer the question, â€Å"why should we hire you?† This means that it should be tailored towards the value you will add to the organization and not your personal objective. 2. There is no need to spend a lot of time here as all you require to write is the period of study, institution of study, and the achievements at that level (Bohn 109). Remember to start from the most recent, as that is the focus of the employer. Do not spend much time enlisting your hobbies. They simply help the employer to know how you fit in the organization’s culture (Bohn 108). These can be trained in the organization hence employers focus on them only faintly. 3. In case the details for the referees are accurate, the resume should be verified to remove any grammatical or logical errors that might cost you the job. However, summarily, a resume should be prepared with distinct summarized steps. A. In conclusion, a resume should be made with the idea that it is a marketing tool for you before the employers. It should be clear, precise, and short in order for it to attract the potential employer while capturing all the important details about you. English, Donald, et al. "Human resource managers and selected business communication students perception of resume writing."  Allied Academies International Conference.Academy of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict.Proceedings  8.2 (2003): 7-8.  Extracted from

Essay on Distributive Bargaining and Mediation

On Distributive Bargaining and Mediation - Essay Example Distributive bargaining is generally referred as negotiation of win and loses between parties where both the parties attempt to maximize their profit and minimize personal losses. On the other hand, integrative bargaining focuses on developing a win-win situation for both the parties. It is also referred to as interest based bargaining as in this negotiation parties collaborate to determine a solution that generate mutual satisfaction. In certain specific situations, other measures of negotiation such as mediation are implemented as well. Mediation is one of the well-known processes of alternative dispute resolution where dispute resolution is facilitated through skilled leadership of a third party unbiased to the situation (Raiffa, 1982). In this paper, mediation and distributive bargaining have been compared and analyzed as measures of negotiation. The paper also highlights benefits and drawbacks of both the measures in context of conflict resolution and discusses situations where each of these methods is most suitable. It was gathered that a number of scholarly articles on dispute resolution indicates that primarily two kinds of negotiation strategies are adopted in most cases, namely, distributive bargaining and integrative bargaining. The philosophy of distributive bargaining focuses on value claiming and refrains from dividing the pie. There has been a mention of pie in this paper as the concept is often compared to division of pie by most researchers. The distributive bargaining is implied in terms of zero sum approach of economic theory because the process of dividing outcomes of an event under this method of negotiation is mutually exhaustive (Amanatullah, Morris & Curhan, 2008). One of the important aspects of distributive bargaining is that negative correlation is exhibited among interests of aggrieved parties while gain of one party is directly proportional to loss of another. Authors such

Why Do Small Businesses Fail And How To Minimize Risk Finance Essay

Why Do Small Businesses Fail And How To Minimize Risk Finance Essay Abstract It has been suggested that the impact of potential causes of small enterprise failure might be reduced if business owners got appropriate advice. This paper reports the results of a national study of small retail and service firms to determine the failure reasons of starting a business. Much of the literature indicates that success and failure of small businesses has a lot to do with preparation of the business owner. People who establish a plan for success are usually the people that have better chances of success with their small businesses.The primary audience for this paper are people who are considering starting their own business. A review of the literature was conducted to determine reasons for business failure. The paper concludes with suggestions of how might build on these efforts. Table of Contents Introduction P.4 2.0 Hypothesis Development P.5 3.0 What is business failure? P.5 4.0 Literature review 5.0 Method 5.1 Research Design 6.0 Statement of Results 7.0 Analysis and Discussion 8.0 Conclusion 9.0. Recommendations 10.0 References P. Introduction More and more people are considering starting their own business. By opening a business there could be large profit to be made. However, there are losses may occur as well. Some peoples argued that starting a business in a field that they know well would not fail. Knowing if starting a business at all is what most small businesses fails to consider. According to an SBA Study done in 2005, About 1/3 of Small Businesses fail in the first 2 years, and just over half fail within 4 years. (as citied in Shawn, 2009). These statistics are depressing for people looking to start up a new venture. Richard (2000) claimed SMEs in successful business networks can generate up to 50% more in gross revenues than firms that work in solitude. (p.12). However, Richard (2000) concluded that the most significant reason for this high failure rate is the inability of SMEs to make adequate use of essential business and management practices. (p.12). Abdelsamad and Kindling (1978) stated that although failure s cannot be completely avoided in a free enterprise system, the failure rate could be reduced if some of its causes are recognized and preventive action is taken. (p.24). It is important that small business owners evaluate if they are compatible with entrepreneurship in order to prevent from being part of the failure statistics. Most of the studies on business failure have been elaborated into a predictive perspective. Those business failure prediction literatures mainly analyses statistical models that tend to determine. Moreover, the predictive literature has strong limitations and it provides few clues as to why and how business failure takes place. In fact, predictive studies propose a classification of firms in a default and credit risk management perspective without giving any concrete information about the potential causes of their failure. With tough economic conditions, knowing the reasons business fail and how to avoid failure can increase your chances of success. The results of this study will benefit entrepreneurs to understand the factors of failure involved in new venture startup, to help entrepreneurs to balance between expectation and reality in the process of starting the businesses. The aim is to let business owners know more about preventive measures to avoid such failure and improve chances of success with good preparation and planning and insight. A brief literature review is presented in the next section, followed by the description of the sample and methodology, results and implications, and finally the summary and conclusions. Hypothesis Development People keen on starting a small business sometimes forget about the managerial and entrepreneurial skills necessary to run a business. According to Steiner and Solem (1988), key success factors in small manufacturing businesses would include an owner/manager with experience in the business or prior experience; adequate financial resources; a competitive advantage based upon customer and product specialization; and strategic planning.(p.5). (as citied in Linda Shonesy Robert D. Gulbro ,1998).When going to start a successful small business, you are required to have expertise in business planning, financial management, marketing, human resources management etc. Business knowledge should be on the top of any requirements for small business success. If you dont know anything about the products, how can you sell the products to customer? You can acquire this knowledge through trial and error when starting a small business, but you will probably have to declare bankruptcy before you learn them all. My theory is that lack of entrepreneurial skill is the main reasons of small business fail. Many people think the business would not be failed if resources provided, such as capital and manpower. Of course, financial management and business planning are also absolute necessities for being a successful entrepreneur. Certainly, you are unable to satisfy customers without these skills. In brief, the question is, however: is entrepreneurial skill the most important factor to prevent business failure? What do we mean by Small Business? Every country has own definition of small business. Some of them defined for different business sectors or industries, while some determined by number of employees. Typically, definitions are based on the number of people employed. For example the traditional definition in Germany had a limit of 500 employees, while in Belgium for 100. In the United States, small business is defined by the number of people employed and it refers to less than 100 employees. There are lots of different definitions of small and medium sized firms. In the recent literature, there is nevertheless a large tendency to differentiate between micro, small and medium size firms. Medium sized firms have a structure and an organization that tend to be closer to the ones of large firms and as the impact of human and psychological factors is less important in these firms than in smaller one. This research is based on the definition of small businesses adopted by the European Commissions definition (2003). Table 1 summarizes the criteria which delineate small business. Enterprise category Headcount Turnover or Balance sheet total medium-sized à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 50 million à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 43 million small à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 10 million à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 10 million micro à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 2 million à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 2 million Table 1: Definition of Small and Medium sized Enterprises (European Commission, 2003) Definition of Business failure We have to consider the meaning of the business failure concept during the research. Some researchers defined their meaning of failure as bankruptcy, while some researchers defined as discontinuance of a business for any reason. The concept of business failure has been differently defined according to the context and the characteristics of the sample of firms. Business entity does not follow the rules and achieves the goals set forth in their business firm, as a result, earning an adequate return and may caused discontinue existence. Business firm stops working due to retirement or businesses are sold for a profit without leaving any liabilities are not classified as a failure. According to Bruno Leidecker (2001), no two experts agree on a definition of business failure. Some conclude that failure only occurs when a firm files for some form of bankruptcy. Others contend that there are numerous forms of organizational death, including bankruptcy, merger, or acquisition. Still others argue that failure occurs if the firm fails to meet its responsibilities to the stakeholders of the organization, including employees, suppliers, the community as a whole, and customers, as well as the owners. (p.51-52).In this paper, business failure is considered as incapability of business firm to maintain due to loss of capital. Literature review There are many studies to better understand business failure. However, according to Gaskill, Van Auken and Manning (1993), there are many questions still to be resolved and warrant additional explorationprevious studies do not provide a comprehensive or unified explanation for small firm failure.(p.10) (as citied in Robert, 1996). Why some businesses fail and why some succeed is a matter of debate, although there are some common mistakes that can sink a business in no time. One key area that small business owners often overlook is the importance of planning. Dennis (2001) found that management skills could ensure that small and medium sized enterprises are better prepared to compete in domestic and international (p.52). It is required to know what kinds of planning you should do before starting the small business. It includes unplanned financial management and unplanned marketing research. The results of failure are many; however, no one is concerned on it. Therefore, the researchs p urpose is to discuss the significant reason of why small business failure. Poor Business Planning Small businesses often face variety of problems according to their size. Research indicates that poor planning is responsible for most business failures. Doug  Ã‚  Derek (2006) found that the single largest barrier to succession can be identified as those who do not have a succession plan.(p.308). People work hard to turn small businesses into successful enterprises. However, they have no plan for what will be happened to their business. Cause of bankruptcy often a result of poor planning rather than economic conditions.Most of the business owners who do not have succession plan indicated that it is too early to plan. However, Doug  Ã‚  Derek  (2006) found that professional advisers indicated it is never too early to start planning. (p.308). In contrast, it is a barrier to overcome if succession occurs over a short period of time. It is inadequate time for the business owner to plan and execute. Another reason why small businesses fail is poor planning of both finances and future growth. According to the Small Business Administration and the US Department of Commerces statistic, businesses that fail because their principals cannot, or do not, use financial information appropriately. (as citied in Brian, 2003).Some business owners often lack of the necessary start up funds and cannot come up with adequate financing. Business owners have to arrange adequate money on hand to cover all your financial needs of the business before starting their small business. Also, it is required to calculate how much money needs to carry out daily living expenses and how much money is required to run your business. Furthermore, some of them have no cash and expect either a bank to provide financing. They wrongly assume the banks will provide them with financing based only on their good ideas. But in most instances, the banks would not take into consideration as it reflects poorly the persons ability to manage finances if has no cash. And also, owners cannot ignore the demands of new ven ture. Many business owners do not know what they need to know and lack of the capital to hire experienced business advisors. Poor Financial Management Small business financial management is a vital aspect of growing a company. According to Mark H. Friedman, founder of Real Time Strategy, Small-business owners live and die for cash flow. (as citied in Nancy , 2006). The most important thing is the monitoring of working capital. This includes accounts receivables, accounts payable and especially cash on hand. Once lack of adequate working capital would affects the particular business. When business is going really well with cash coming in, small business owners tend not to prepare for the next round of business. And cash flow problem occur. Cash flow is a basic measure of a firms ability to maintain sufficient funding to pay off its current liabilities. The owner should know companys bottom line and make good decisions. They should take control of finances by coming up with a budget before purchasing or investing. In order to avoid overspending and hence invest effectively, small business owner should stabilize their cash flow. With this approach can ease a cash crunch, it also can increase the value of the business. Most business owners raise capital from banks. However, Daniel   Richard (2005) found that early stage capital is often the most difficult to raise. (p.64). In fact, it is difficult to raise the capital required in order to properly launch and sustain a business. It will be high cost even if the capital is available. It is crucial for a new business to maintain sufficient resources especially the capital because without proper financing, a new enterprise may find it difficult to compete with competition. The owners have to know how banks approves loan before submitting an application. Financial advisors can help in this situation. gd Lack of Entrepreneurial Skills Most of the peoples think that all it takes to run a business is money. That is not true. You could be an excellent salesperson but lack the skills to handle the seemingly mundane day-to-day skills needed to keep a business running. Entrepreneurs wont make money if cant sell products. Mostly during the startup phase of a new business, lack of entrepreneurial skills in an owner can cause a business to fail. This may not be true during the later growth and maturity periods of business where more administrative and management skills are required. A small firms performance outcome is a function of many variables, including individual owner characteristics, owner behaviors, and environmental influences. Entrepreneurs generally have a high need for achievement and social awareness, and they are high risk takers. Consequently, the personal and personality characteristics of an owner can be a cause of business failure. 5.0 Methodology Subjects 5.1 Research Design Data and Sample Instruments Procedure Data Collection 6.0 Statement of Results 7.0 Analysis and Discussion 8.0 Conclusion 9.0. Recommendations

History of Internet Essay -- essays research papers

Without a doubt, the Internet is undergoing a major transition as it experiences a tremendous influx of new users. Due to the anarchic, distributed nature of the net, we cannot even begin to enumerate the population of the Internet or its growth. As more of the world's population moves on-line, new concerns will arise which did not confront the earlier generations. The new culture will demand different resources, services and technology than the old generations expected and used. Already we can witness a clash between the emergent culture and the entrenched culture. The largest conflicts occurring now are about sharing resources, the impending commercialization of the net, and the growing problem of computer crime. The Internet was born in the union of government and researchers, and for two decades afterwards remained mostly the realm of those two groups. The net began as ARPANET, the Advanced Research Projects Agency Net, designed to be decentralized to sustain operations through a nuclear attack. This nature persists today in the resilience of the net, both technologically and in its culture. ARPANET was phased out in 1990 and the net backbone was taken over by NSFNET (National Science Foundation). Since 1969 the main users of cyberspace have been involved in research or in the university community as computer experts or hackers, exploring the limitations and capabilities of this new technology. These people formed a cohesive community with many of the same goals and ethics. In addition to the homogeneity of the net, the small size contributed to a strong feeling of community. There has been some conflict between the hackers and the researchers over sharing resources, and philosophies about security and privacy, but on the whole, the two groups have co-existed without major incident. The newest of the members of the so-called old generation are the university users who are not involved in research work on the net. Generally these are the students using the net for email, reading netnews and participating in interactive real-time conversations through talk, telnet or irc. This wave of people integrated smoothly with the community as it existed. Still sharing the common research and education orientation, the community remained cohesive and the culture did not change much, perhaps it only expanded in the more playful areas. These users did not compete ... ...go. For many centuries after writing began, this skill was left in the hands of the educated elite - mainly the church servants. When literacy finally came to the majority of the middle class and some of the lower class, the Renaissance began. Similarly, we are witnessing the opening of a new medium of information to the general populace, and we can only guess at the outcome. References 1.Brandt, Daniel. Cyberspace Wars: Microprocessing vs. Big Brother. NameBase NewsLine, No. 2, July-August 1993. 2.Response from Canter&Siegel's net access providers April 1994 3.Dern, Daniel. ``Myth or Menace? A History of Business on the Net.'' Internet World July/August 1994 pp 96-98. 4.Elmer-Dewitt, Philip. ``Battle for the Soul of the Internet.'' Time Magazine, July 25, 1994 pp 50-56. 5.Hardy, Henry. History of the Net 6.Hirsh, Robert. AOL FTP Access Oct 13, 1994. 7.US State of MD gopher site 8.Meyer, Gordon. The Social Organization of the Computer Underground. August 1989 9.Otto, Justin. post to alt.netcom.conspiracy Aug 9, 1994. 10.Townson, Patrick. MCI Employee Cearged TELECOM Digest V14 #385 11.Taylor, Roger. ``Brave New Internet.'' Internet World, September 1994 pp 36-42.

Building context and proposal

Cultural One-fourthNarrativeThe move of the port installings to Punta Langosteira ( the outer port ) will enable a complete, original and functional re-thinking of the infinite made available. The bing industrial port ‘s reformation undertaking aims at bettering the sea forepart by presenting a bunch of originative and cultural industries ( cultural one-fourth ) in the metropolis Centre, as a accelerator to the metropolis and the three stages of the port. From this get downing point the thought is to recycle land that up to now was reserved for the port ‘s industrial activities and do it accessible for occupants to bask as new leisure countries. Commercial and culturally lead, green corridors and wide streets will all be projected to allow people come into direct contact with the sea. The site is Battery Quay, Calvo Sotelo North and South Quay, at the southern terminal of the gardens M & A ; eacute ; ndez N & A ; uacute ; & A ; ntilde ; ez and the Rosaleda, separated from them by the adjoining edifices. The reconstructing foreseen will open the gardens up to the sea and will enable people to walk freely up to the H2O ‘s border, turning the lone dock that is perpendicular to the metropolis ‘s frontage into a brilliant screening point.Brief Outline of User Requirements:Taking into history the whole of the docks, the Port of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a has as a whole 219.6 estates for the different services. Due to the graduated table of the port, the procedure of regeneration has been divided into three different stages.Phase One: Battery Quay, Calvo Sotelo North and South Quay ( 22 estates )Phase Two: San Diego Quay ( 98.8 estates )Phase Three: Fishing basins, Marina and Anted & A ; aacute ; rsena basins ( 98.8 estates )The proposed edifices will be careful ly thought out on the maestro program and all combine to do a Cultural Quarter ( 22 estates ) they are ; a convention Centre, a public library, an exhibition infinite, a commercial Centre, a hotel, a athletics Centre, and a market topographic point.Proposed Location:Battery Quay, Calvo Sotelo North and South QuayOutside Advisers/clients to be used as beginnings of Mention:La Coru & A ; ntilde ; a metropolis council, and Port authorization Introduction 1000 1163 Since the undertaking of the new Outer Port Facilities in Punta Langosteira, will be finished in 2012, all bing industrial activities in the port of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a will be transferred during 2010 onto the new outer port, get downing with Battery Quay, Calvo Sotelo North and South Quay, hence supplying extra land to the metropolis Centre. The port of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a, as focal point of the whole City, is critical to the publicity of European City aims. One grade of the European manner of civilisation is the concentration of civic, cultural and commercial life in metropolis centres, in a mode and manner related to the person and non to the auto. The port will make a prosaic friendly cultural one-fourth, and consolidate its place as a service and concern hub, which will go a oasis for tourers, concern work forces and with new utilizations for citizens. The environing country around the port contains a alone individuality and character with a contrast between new and old architecture. The graduated table and location of the port in relation to the metropolis besides highlights its importance and provides a safe and welcoming environment and contributed to turning A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a into a cosmopolite and forward-thinking metropolis.ContextOver the centuries, the coastline of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a, a metropolis that looks out straight onto the Atlantic Ocean, exerted an resistless attractive force on Celts, Phoenicians and Romans. In the second century, they built the Tower of Hercules, today the universe ‘s lone working Roman beacon, the pride of the metropolis and declared as a World Heritage Site. In the ninth century, the metropolis suffered consecutive moving ridges of onslaughts by the Norman pirates. During the in-between Ages the population settled on the site that today is known as the Old Town. In 1208, Coru & A ; ntilde ; a received its metropolis charter from King Alfonso IX, who besides conferred a series of royal privileges on the metropolis. A twelvemonth after the Spanish Armada called in at the Port of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a on its manner to occupy England, the Barbary pirate Francis Drake, a loyal retainer of Queen Elizabeth I of England attacked the metropolis, which was valorously defended by the people of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a, led by the local heroine Mar & A ; iacute ; a Pita. During the Gallic invasion, A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a was the lone metropolis that stood up to the invading military personnels. Particularly worthy of reference is the Battle of Elvi & A ; ntilde ; a, which took topographic point on 16 January 1809 and during which General Sir John Moore was fatally hurt whilst supporting the metropolis. Today his remains are buried in San Carlos Gardens. The 17th and 18th centuries were marked by intense trading activity with America and legion Spanish and European ports. The nineteenth century was a clip rapid economic, cultural and urban development, reflected in the gallery windows that line Avenida de la Marina, the Modernist edifices and the Kiosco Alfonso†¦ in the twentieth century, the metropolis became a hive of activity, concentrating on civilization, advancement and the hereafter. The sea, a changeless figure in the history of the metropolis of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a, is the first thing that strikes you when geting in the metropolis by sea, land and particularly by air. The arresting positions of the tidal estuary are genuinely unforgettable, but there is much more to detect.Old TownAs in every metropolis, the â€Å" Old Town † is an absolute must. Corners rich in history, squares where clip seems to hold stood still, such as Las B & A ; aacute ; rbaras or Azc & A ; aacute ; rraga, lined with ancient trees†¦ you can besides look up to glorious illustrations of Romanesque art in the churches dotted around this one-fourth. Churchs like the Collegiate Church of Santa Mar & A ; iacute ; a del Campo, a brilliant illustration of the Ogival Romanesque manner ; the churches of Santiago, San Francisco, the convents of Las B & A ; aacute ; rbaras and Santo Domingo are all true plants of art ; symbolic streets named after antediluvian clubs that transport us back in clip to a medieval and Baroque metropolis. In the Old Town you will happen absorbing antique stores, situated in a alone location wholly in maintaining with the objects they sell, every bit good as traditional tap houses and delicious eating houses. When dark falls this country is transformed into one of the hubs of the metropolis ‘s night life.From the Sea PromenadeThe Sea Promenade is the ideal point from which to get down researching the metropolis. It ‘s more than 13.5 kilometres, which make this the longest promenade in Europe, encircling the metropolis from San Ant & A ; oacute ; n Castle to El Porti & A ; ntilde ; o. It has a bike lane, ropeway, route and prosaic paseo. Get downing from San Ant & A ; oacute ; n Castle, you will be able to look up to the marina with its berthing positions and services, every bit good as the yachts and sailing ships that create a colourful sight all twelvemonth unit of ammunition.A metropolis to hold merriment inA Coru & A ; ntilde ; a has ever been noted for its outgoing and extravert character. Locals love to acquire out and about, basking an eventide amble, a shopping trip, traveling for tappa or meeting friends for a drink at the street caf & A ; eacute ; s in winter every bit good as in summer. In maintaining with Spain ‘s long-standing tradition of societal assemblages in caf & A ; eacute ; s, the metropolis ‘s occupants love to run into to chew the fat and discourse mundane events.The metropolis of glassIt ‘s good deserving taking the clip to research the metropolis Centre. Leave your auto and bask a amble around the streets, because this is a metropolis that is made for walking. The Centre forms the hub of the metropolis ‘s economic, commercial and cultural activity, with its busy port and sail line drive dock. The perfect get downing point and an absolute must on every visitant ‘s path is Plaza de Mar & A ; iacute ; a Pita, site of the City Hall and watched over by the statue of local heroine Mar & A ; iacute ; a Pita and the ageless fire. Yet possibly A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a is best-known for its glass fa & A ; ccedil ; ade that looks out onto the sea in Avenida de La Marina, gallery Windowss which are likely the finest illustration of this typical component of Galician architecture. The colonnades offer legion street caf & A ; eacute ; s and eating houses.Back to the seaA alone location -a peninsula stick outing out into the olympian sea- has provided this metropolis with its chief beginning of wealth: the port, one of the most of import in Europe. Yet the port has non merely determined the economic development of this metropolis, but has besides contributed to organizing its unfastened, tolerant character, and the welcoming nature of its dwellers. The freshest fish and shellfish heterosexual from the Galician tidal estuaries, much appreciated throughout Spain, are delivered daily at first visible radiation to A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a ‘s fish market. Fishermans and shellfish gatherers take portion in the auction: a complex linguistic communication and signaling system, crates of fish, a odor of salt, fish and shellfish. Voices are raised in an effort to acquire the best monetary value. Sightss and sounds that are decidedly non to be missed. Several mottos have been used to specify A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a: â€Å" the City of Glass † ; â€Å" the City where no 1 is a alien † ; â€Å" Balcony over the Atlantic † †¦ but possibly the 1 that best sums up the kernel of this metropolis is â€Å" A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a: a metropolis to come back to † .SITE ( PHYSICAL CONTEXT ) 1500 1581Site pickAll the docks cover a surface country of 219.6 estates, including metropolis, fishing and industrial maps. There is a clear division between the north docks, chiefly for urban usage, and the south docks, which are more focussed on big premiss usage. Due to the graduated table of the port, the procedure of regeneration has been divided into three different stages.Phase One: Battery Quay, Calvo Sotelo North and South Quay ( 22 estates )Phase Two: San Diego Quay ( 98.8 estates )Phase Three: Fishing basins, Marina and Anted & A ; aacute ; rsena basins ( 98.8 estates )The selected siteThe location of the site is on stage one, which is of the topmost importance to the regeneration of the port, a cardinal get downing point for A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a, to going a European metropolis, by presenting a accelerator ( cultural one-fourth ) for the metropolis and next communities. The location net incomes from brilliant permeableness and connectivity. The Rosaleda and Mendez Nu & A ; ntilde ; ez gardens rest beside the next listed and governmental edifices along the battery Quay. The edifices are the authorities deputation office, the marine military bid caput quarters, imposts chief office, the constabulary caput one-fourth, and Galicia ‘s port authorization caput quarters.Site information 384The site is besides located between the transatlantic quay where big sails Moor ( 54.575 riders last twelvemonth ) and Linares Quay ( 950 fishing boats last twelvemonth ) which holds A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a ‘s fish market which opens at 5am, at this clip of twenty-four hours the site gathers a peculiar and traditional odor of salt, fish and shellfish. The site is composed by three quays, Battery, Calvo Sotelo North and Calvo Sotelo South Quays all quays have rail paths. Battery quay is 277m long, with a draft of 11m and with two breadths of 23-55m. Its usage is for general goods, majorities and contains a roll-on/roll-off incline, with installings for the supply of H2O and electricity. The burden and download installings are prioritised for Pneumatic fluidnesss of cement and aluminum which are stored in seven cylindrical armored combat vehicles. The quay besides holds three commercial edifices Uni & A ; oacute ; n Fenosa Substation, Cement Silos Tudela Vegu & A ; iacute ; n and Aluminium Silos Alcoa Inespal and five official governmental edifices. Calvo Sotelo North Quay is 220m long, with a draft of 11-13m and a breadth of 20m. Its usage is besides for general goods, with two electrical gateway Cranes of 6tm and one electrical gateway Crane of 16tm. There are maritime and fishing installings an functionary edifice which is the Port Authority Vigilance Service and one commercial edifice, Tide graph of the Geographic and Property Values Institute. Calvo Sotelo South Quay is 420m long, with a draft of 7-10m and a breadth of 40m. Its usage is besides for general goods, with four electrical gateway Cranes of 6tm and one electrical gateway Crane of 16tm. There are besides maritime and fishing installings with a Cold-store Fruit Terminal Installations for the supply of H2O and electricity. The burden and download installings are prioritised for Pneumatic fluidnesss of cement, oils and fats pumping and vegetational oils pumps which are stored in 13 cylindrical armored combat vehicles. The site has two big warehouses and five commercial edifices Cement silos, Oil silos, Oils and fats silos, Transformation house of brotherhood FENOSA and Port authorization transmutation House. All the belongingss ( except the listed governmental edifices ) along the three quays are prefabricated warehouses ; each person edifice will be dismantled and taken over to the new outer port by the terminal of 2010. The lone staying edifices on the site will be the five listed authorities edifices, four cylindrical armored combat vehicles and six Cranes of 6tm.Ocular impactsThe combination of all three quays creates an impressive ocular impact due to the sheer size of the site. There are several ocular impacts between the graduated table of the edifices in the metropolis Centre and the narrow streets in relation to the huge broad plane along the site with big freak constructions such as the Cranes and oil oilers, and vass that berth along the quays. When walking along the metropolis you feels warm, sheltered, and safe but when you walk along the quays it ‘s wholly the antonym you feel intimidated by the milieus, entirely, little, cold, and lost when confronting towards the At lantic Ocean. These feelings are all generated by the characteristic beauty of the site, such impressive feelings caused due to the different graduated tables and huge ocular spreads towards the metropolis, port and the Atlantic Ocean.Designation of any bing jeopardiesLand conditions and jeopardiesAll three quays were built in 1927, a fixed platform, on piles. Since the intent of the quays are for storage countries with warehouses, and its aim is to unload and reload vass every bit rapidly as possible, the site is kept in good conditions, and any fixs are dealt with every bit shortly as possible, to cut down holds during the burden and unloading of the vass.TidesMaximum tidal tally: 4,50 mQuay walls with regard to the 0 of the maximal tidal tally: 6.50mSignificant moving ridge height with a return period of 50 old ages: 11 mIf there were moving ridges of up to 11m in the harbour country, moving ridges would be a jeopardy on the site. Since there was a little possibility of any tidal jeopardies, the quays were constructed with a little joust from the Centre of the quay towards the H2O border to coerce the H2O to run off back into the Atlantic Ocean. Given the current usage of the port is industrial the current air quality, noise, and light pollution are somewhat high. Although most of the noise pollution created on site are inside the warehouses, with 80+ dubnium ( A ) the chief route that runs along the dorsum of the site with 65 dubnium ( A ) and the countries where they load and download goods with 55 dubnium ( A ) and some countries with less than 45db ( A ) . The site creates no waste of residues, and little sums of light pollution since plants are done during the twenty-four hours. The air quality is somewhat higher since the fish market is following to the site.Environmental FactorsClimateWind formPredominating: N.E.Dominant: Second.The site ‘s clime is temperate maritime and to a great extent moderated by the Atlantic Ocean ; nevertheless it does expose some features of a Mediterranean clime. Autumn and winter are frequently unsettled with temperature norms of 13 & A ; deg ; degree Celsiuss and up to 19 & A ; deg ; degree Celsiuss and unpredictable with strong air currents and abundant rainfall off up to 500mm and with an mean velocity of 23 knots ( windfinder.com ) , coming from Atlantic depressions and it is frequently cloud-covered. The ocean supports temperatures mild, and hoar and snow are rare. In summer, it is rather dry and cheery with lone occasional rainfall ; temperatures are warm up to 22 & A ; deg ; degree Celsiuss but seldom uncomfortably hot due to the sea ‘s cooling influence during the twenty-four hours. Spring is normally cool and reasonably composures. The site is to a great extent influenced by the clime, Sun visible radiation and twenty-four hours light since there are no next edifices for shelter or cut downing the strong air currents that penetrate the site freely from the South or north E.Design factors and chances and restrictions of the siteConservationThe site will incorporate 5 class 1 listed edifices, 4 grade 2 listed cylindrical armored combat vehicles, the rail paths and 6 Cranes which will be left one time all the bing installings are moved to the outer port. All listed edifices contain private gardens environing the belongings, consent will be necessary to integrate their land to the site and let a ocular and prosaic permeableness on the site. Urban design policies in the Local Development Frame Work ( LDF ) will be taken into history during the designing phase.MaterialsThe glass galleries on the Marina Avenue run perpendicular to the site, this architectural linguistic communication will play an of import function wi thin my design. The facade intervention will implement different combinations of nothingnesss, solids, coloring material, and texture to unify itself with the bing linguistic communication of the metropolis. Galicia ‘s have ever said that Windowss are picture frames.Site AccessAt the minute the site has a restricted entree for vehicles unless you are an employee, but prosaic entree is allowed on the port except the countries which are in private ain by companies, such as warehouses. The site contains two chief entree roads ; one is located on Lineras Rivas Avenue for big lorries, Cranes, and trucks and the other entree point is on the transatlantic quay for private vehicles. There is an bing rail paths that runs through the whole of the port and into each single quay, which is presently used to travel the Cranes along the quays and to transport transporting containers, and goods straight to the goods station of RENFE in San Diego ( the station inside the port ) . From this station depart the two available lines to Madrid ( Santiago-Ourense-Zamora and Lugo-Le & A ; oacute ; n-Palencia ) , with connexions to Ferrol, Vigo and Portugal. The chief train station of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a is San Cristobal a 10 min drive by coach ( line1 ) from the port and has regular long-distance lines to Madrid, Barcelona, Bilbao and Ir & A ; uacute ; n, besides regional connexions to the remainder of Galicia. The seaport entryway is orientated to the North, with a breadth of 800m and a deepness of 21m and a maximal registered current of 0 knots. Pedestrian entree is located every 300m through electronic Gatess ; the Gatess are unfastened every twenty-four hours from 5am boulder clay 5pm. All the Gatess along the port have bus Michigans with line 1 which takes you around the metropolis Centre ; bus frequence is every 20 min to supply easy entree to the port. The port besides has its ain fire station, police caput quarters, gasoline station and a little infirmary.Brief 1500An lineation briefChoose a edifices and a site or secret plan on your maestro program:Convention CentrePublic libraryExhibition infiniteCommercial CentreHotelSport CentreMarket topographic pointCultural One-fourthact as a accelerator

Essay about Japanese Culture

Essay about Japanese Culture Essay about Japanese Culture Japanese Culture Compared with European and American businessmen, Japanese businessmen pay more attention to establishing interpersonal relationships. In negotiations, Japanese believe that if one is going to carry out in cooperation with Japanese between friends, mutual trust is very important. The Japanese do not like to bargaining, with particular emphasis on whether they can trust each other to establish relations with foreign partners. If one can successfully establish a relationship of mutual trust, one will conclude and sign the deal pretty efficiently. Once this relationship established, these two sides work to maintain a long-term relationship. If foreign investors have never made contact with Japanese, they must first get trust before they negotiate. Therefore, trust is an important medium for a successful cooperation when with Japanese. Hofstede's framework Power distance: Japanese people are known to be told what is expected of them. They feel that the decisions of their employers are correct because of the power an individual encompasses. Power players prefer their subordinates to avoid eye contact with them. Japanese citizens view role and status hierarchy. Children are expected to respect parents. The United States is relatively small power distance country, American employees tend not to accept administrative privileges, generally the superiors and subordinates are the same. So in America, employees and managers are quite equal. Relationships are more harmonious, employees are more adept in learning, improving themselves, and achieving personal values. In India, employees expect to be directed clearly as to their functions and what is expected of them. Communication is top down and directive in its style, and often negative feedback is never offered up the ladder. Individualism vs collectivism: Japanese are collectivist, however there is less individualism present in their private life. They prefer to live by themselves rather than share a flat or apartment with a friend. Americans are more individualistic, it does not mean that all Americans are individualists, rather, it means that Americans are more likely to think and act in individual ways than people in collectivistic cultures are. But India is a society with both collectivistic and individualistic traits. â€Å"The collectivist side means that there is a high preference for belonging to a larger social framework in which individuals are expected to act in accordance to the greater good of one’s defined in-group(s).†(Hofstede Center) Masculinity vs femininity Japan has the highest masculine society. Men are considered dominant and tough, while women emotional. The Japanese’s masculinity index proves to the rest of the world that even though they are a small country with these traits, they have very efficient productivity. This is due to the strict rules of the business culture to achieve their goals and make their mark in the business world. America can be explained by the combination of a high Masculinity drive. Together with the most individualistic drive in the world. And India is actually very masculine in terms of visual display of success and power. Uncertainty avoidance index: Japanese seeks for harmony. It is a peaceful orientation which emphasizes the tendency to avoid ambiguity. Their decision making is direct with simple solutions. They are detail oriented which is another example of uncertainty avoidance. There social rules and rituals are designated in the appropriate behavior for particular situations so that there is rarely ambiguity about how to proceed. Long term orientation: Japan has high long term orientation. This means that they believe that family is the basis of society and must be respected. They have strong work ethic and believe

Past Continuous Lesson Plan for ESL Learners

Past Continuous Lesson Plan for ESL Learners Learning the basic structure and usage of the past continuous is usually not that difficult for most students. Unfortunately, this is not the case when it comes to actively integrating the past continuous into everyday conversations or written communications. This lesson is aimed at helping students actively use the past continuous in speaking and writing. This is done through the use of the past continuous as a descriptive tense to paint a picture in words of the moment when something important occurred. Aim To increase active usage of the past continuous Activity Speaking activity followed by a gap fill exercise and  creative writing Level Intermediate Outline Begin teaching the past continuous by telling a story with exaggerated details through the use of the past continuous. For example: I remember that day well. The birds were singing, the sun was shining, and the children were playing games peacefully. At that moment, I saw Alex and fell in love. Point out how the past continuous is used to paint a picture of the scene.Quickly review the past continuous structure with the class. Go over differences in usage between the past simple and past continuous. Point out that the past continuous focuses on a specific moment in the past.Write various examples on the board of sentences combining the past simple and past continuous to illustrate the idea of an interrupted past. For example, I was walking through the park when I met David. Ask students to comment on what function the past continuous plays in the example sentences.Have students divide into small groups of 3-4.Ask students to complete the activity by providing an appropriate response with the past continuous to describe an action that was interrupted. Next, have students first conjugate verbs in the past simple to complete the story. Next, ask them to insert past continuous clauses into the appropriate place in the story.Correct this exercise as a class. Make sure to note differences between the past continuous and past simple as you review.Ask students to complete the written exercise focusing on a special day in their lives.Once theyve written their paragraph, ask students to find a partner. Each student should read their paragraph and ask questions to check to understand.   Interrupted Actions Use the verb suggestion to complete the sentence with an appropriate phrase expressing an interrupted action: I (watch) ____________ when her boss called with a job offer.My friends (play) _____________ when they felt the earthquake.When I walked in the door, they children (study) _________________.We (eat) _________________ when we heard the news.My parents (travel) ________________ when I telephoned that I was pregnant.   Use of the Past Continuous in Writing Put the following verbs into the past simple: Thomas _______ (live) in the small town of Brington. Thomas _______ (love) walking through the beautiful forest that surrounded Brington. One evening, he ____ (take) his umbrella and _____ (go) for a walk in the woods. He ______ (meet) an old man named Frank. Frank _______ (tell) Thomas that, if he _____ (want) to become rich, he should invest in a little-known stock called Microsoft. Thomas ______ (think) Frank _____ (be) foolish because Microsoft ____ (be) a computer stock. Everybody _____ (know) that computers _____ (be) just a passing fad. At any rate, Frank _______ (insist) that Thomas _____ (be) wrong. Frank _______ (draw) a wonderful graph of future possibilities. Thomas ______ (begin) thinking that maybe Frank ______ (understand) stocks. Thomas _______ (decide) to buy some of these stocks. The next day, he ______ (go) to the stock brokers and _____ (buy) $1,000 worth of Microsoft stock. That _____ (be) in 1986. Today, that $1,000 is worth more than $250,000! Improve the Story Insert the following past continuous fragments into the above story: As Frank was drawing the graph, ...... while he was walking to work,it was raining, so...While they were discussing the stock, ...When he was returning from his walk, ...As he was walking through the woods, Written Exercise Write a description of an important day in your life. Include the most important events that occurred during that day in the past simple. Once you have written the important events using the past simple, try to include a description of what was happening at some of the specific moments when those events occurred to provide more details.Write out a few questions about your important day.  Make sure to include a few questions in the past continuous. For example, What was I doing when I found out about the job?Find a partner and read your story twice. Next, ask your partner your questions and discuss.Listen to your partners story and answer their questions.

Improving the innovation capability of Blackberry Assignment

Improving the innovation capability of Blackberry - Assignment Example This Canadian company decided to change its name to Blackberry as consumers were having a difficult time correlating the Blackberry name with Research in Motion. This trading name gives the Blackberry device a solid brand image associated with the company and its core values, which was a positive marketing decision made by the organisation. Between 2000 and 2007, Research in Motion had been the foremost pioneer in smartphone technology, being a pioneer in the technology industry. The market, at the time, did not provide consumers with a variety of options when it came to evolving mobile phone technology and, upon the launch of the Blackberry Pearl 8100, it was the only company that had a comparable offering, thus setting the product category for the industry. It was not until today’s leaders in smartphone technologies, such as Apple and Samsung, launched their first smartphone versions in the retail market that Blackberry began to quickly lose market share and also their reput ation for being an untouchable innovator in the industry. This essay describes how innovation is managed at Blackberry, how innovation projects are managed and carried out along the existing business model, and how culture supports or hinders innovation production at the firm. Findings are supported by both secondary and primary data, including an Internet chat interview with a representative from Blackberry, Christophe Lefort, general manager of Blackberry in France who agreed to participate in a 20 minute online interview. Strategy Unfortunately, Blackberry does not publicise its internal operational strategies and innovation efforts as this would deplete its publicized competitive advantages for a struggling organisation. In 2002, at the height of the business’ pinnacle as an innovator, the company experienced explosive sales volumes of its earliest Blackberry devices. By 2008, the company had become a cost leader, having launched multiple versions of the widely-accepted B lackberry device whilst reducing operating expenses, boasting a stock price of over $144 (Yahoo! Finance 2013). However, it quickly became apparent that Apple and Samsung, in 2008, had produced much more innovative smartphone devices, thus both companies seizing market share from Research in Motion and quickly gaining brand loyalty. By 2012, stock valuation in Research in Motion was less than $8 per share as the company struggled enormously to regain its footing as a pioneering leader. With a highly leveraged business model coupled with consumers that were quickly becoming entranced with the innovative technologies offered by Apple, Blackberry nearly approached bankruptcy. Therefore, the new business, Blackberry, would find considerable competitive danger by publicizing its internal efforts at innovation and strategy. It was just recently, in 2013, that Blackberry launched its latest Blackberry smartphone model which did find success in its target markets, thus providing the capital required for Blackberry to continue operating, to persevere as a publicly traded company, and determine the next innovation to save the company’s future. Having identified these limitations in available research, the current strategy for innovation as a survival methodology and to regain positive brand reputation can be explored, with assistance from the interview respondent. Prior to 2008, no representatives at then Research and Motion believed that they would lose their innovative competitive edge. Even industry experts believed that RIM would maintain its leadership position in the smartphone industry indefinitely which continued to push its stock prices ever higher with each news release about impending product developments. Essentially, Research in Motion

Analysis of ICT strategic plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysis of ICT strategic plan - Essay Example However, the latest developments of ICT in the sector of fisheries have resulted in drastic changes in the overall life of fishermen. Various initiatives in the ICTs have greatly expanded and developed fisheries technologies to the farmers of Australia. ICTs are widely being implemented and are used by fisheries sectors for various purposes such as resource assessment and in commercialization purposes. The ICTs strategic plan implemented in Australia have enabled the Australian fishermen to exploit various opportunities such as the use of Global Positioning System for location finding and navigation. ICT has also reduced risk to fishermen through information exchange and emergency warning. At present, the fishermen have access to web-based data/ information along with networking sources (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2007). Analysis of Whether the ICT Strategic Plan Be Re-Assessed or Continued For Additional 3-5 Years During November 2007, The Australian Fi sheries Management Authority (AFMA) was liable for the development of ICT strategic plan and roadmap. The plan would stress on 2005 Strategic IT Review and further it would provide vital initiatives to AFMA which would be implemented over the period of next three years i.e. from 2008 to 2011. AFMA was supposed to invest approximately AUD 7.3 million for the implementation of ICT strategic plan, during these three year period (Australian Government, 2007). The investment program would include sixteen distinct initiatives which would cover forty nine recommendations. These initiatives comprise: 1. Improvement of procurement as well as contract management process and performance 2. To bring improvement related to provided service within industry 3. Governance process 4. Identity as well as access management 5. Develop business as well as IT alignment along with incorporating the process of reengineering related to the business of AFMA 6. Staff upskilling Program 7. Develop ‘on-th e-boat data’ collection 8. Implementation of Business Intelligence Capability 9. Implementation of Corporate Records Management 10. Data Warehouse Department 11. Finalizations of Pisces Program including Customer Relationship Management (CRM) 12. Rationalization of Application 13. Information Security 14. E- Business 15. Infrastructure and Application Rationalization and Technology Baseline 16. IT Market Testing Source: (Australian Government, 2007) The above stated initiatives were developed by grouping various recommendations into core areas capability which would deliver substantial benefits to AFMA. These initiatives were mainly grouped under three main capabilities namely; improved services provided to AFMA stakeholders and its customers, improved data management and information use and, lastly improved effectiveness of the organization which would support AFMA service delivery and information stewardship. Furthermore, the initiatives were to be undertaken on three vital functions related with the fisheries management, these consist of monitoring and research, compliance and licensing and quota management (Australian Government, 2007). Monitoring and Research AFMA was able to record 12% improvement in conformity with the vessel monitoring system across the Commonwealth fishing areas during the year 2008 when compared to 2007. AFMA research contract management system, ‘Omnifish’, has enabled AFMA to closely monitor and also target research providers to improve