A Readers Guide To The Catcher In The Rye :: essays research papers

                         A Readers Guide to The Catcher in the Rye     Though J.D. Salingers book, The Catcher in the Rye, has served as a major controversial element of fiction within our reading society, it does, in fact, contain another side to the story. Holden Caulfield, who is sixteen, has just flunked out of another boarding check that his pargonnts rescue sent him to. It seems that he has become very experienced in failing courses. The only classes that he manages to pass are the ones that repeat the same educational activity material that he has previously learned in another school. During our experience with Holden at Pencey, which is the boarding school he currently resides at, we learn of his great negativeness that he has against most of the members of this institution. Holden can find something that just seems to annoy him in every situation that he encounters and in every place that he may be. One of the most used words within the story is "Phony." Holden often seems to describe most others as being "Phony." The words they say, the ways they act, and their personalities towards others often show up to him as being "Phony." During almost every scene that takes place within the story, the reader will encounter, numerously, Holdens dislike for the surroundings and the people. This is what makes up the negative glory that surrounds the book.Holden spends several days wandering around New York City before he decides to return home. He is supposed to arrive home on Wednesday however, he decided to leave the school early so he could have a a few(prenominal) days to relax and prepare for his homecoming. He is frightened at what his family will say to him failing yet another boarding school. While his father wanted him to attend Yale, he just does not seem to have what it takes to be a serious student. The re is something that just holds Holden back from achieving what he wants from life. While he is in New York, he has several meetings with old acquaintances. These are previous friends of his that he has always seemed to like very well. However, within some of these confrontations, we learn of some of the negativitys that seems to cross his mind. After the first few chapters, the reader can be tempted to stop reading because of this mood. The reader never really learns of the experiences that Holden has after he returns home.

Biography of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz :: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz Mathematicians Essays

Biography of Gottfried Wilhelm LeibnitzGottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz was born on the July 1, 1646 in Leipzig, Germany and died on November 14, 1716 in Hanover, Germany. He was the son of Friedrich Leibnitz, a professor of honourable philosophy at Leipzig. Friedrich Leibnitz was evidently a competent though not original scholar, who devoted his epoch to his offices and to his family as a pious, Christian father. His mother was Catharina Schmuck, the little girl of a lawyer and Friedrichs third wife. Friedrich died when Leibnitz was only six years old and he was brought up by his mother. Certainly Leibnitz learned his moral and ghostlike values from her, which would play an important role in his life and philosophy. At the age of seven, Leibnitz entered the Nicolai School in Leipzig. Although he was taught Latin at school, Leibnitz had taught himself far much advanced Latin and some Greek by the age of 12. He was motivated to read his fathers books. As he progressed through school he , was taught Aristotles logic and possibleness of categorizing knowledge. Leibnitz was clearly not satisfied with Aristotles system and began to develop his own ideas on how to improve on it. posterior in life Leibnitz recalled that at this time he was trying to find orderings on logical truths, which, although he did not know it at the time, were the ideas behind sozzled mathematical proofs. As well as his schoolwork, Leibnitz analyse his fathers books. In particular he read metaphysics books and theology books from both Catholic and Protestant writers. In 1661, at the age of fourteen, Leibnitz entered the University of Leipzig. It may sound today as if this were a truly exceptionally early age for anyone to enter university, just it is fair to say that by the standards of the time he was quite young save there would be others of a similar age. He studied philosophy, which was well taught at the University of Leipzig, and mathematics, which was very sick taught. Among the ot her topics, which were included in this two year, common degree course were rhetoric, Latin, Greek and Hebrew. He graduated with a bachelors degree in 1663 with a thesis De Principio Individui (On the Principle of the Individual) which emphasized the existential value of the individual, who is not to be explained either by matter alone or by form alone but rather by his whole being.Biography of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz Mathematicians EssaysBiography of Gottfried Wilhelm LeibnitzGottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz was born on the July 1, 1646 in Leipzig, Germany and died on November 14, 1716 in Hanover, Germany. He was the son of Friedrich Leibnitz, a professor of moral philosophy at Leipzig. Friedrich Leibnitz was evidently a competent though not original scholar, who devoted his time to his offices and to his family as a pious, Christian father. His mother was Catharina Schmuck, the daughter of a lawyer and Friedrichs third wife. Friedrich died when Leibnit z was only six years old and he was brought up by his mother. Certainly Leibnitz learned his moral and religious values from her, which would play an important role in his life and philosophy. At the age of seven, Leibnitz entered the Nicolai School in Leipzig. Although he was taught Latin at school, Leibnitz had taught himself far more advanced Latin and some Greek by the age of 12. He was motivated to read his fathers books. As he progressed through school he, was taught Aristotles logic and theory of categorizing knowledge. Leibnitz was clearly not satisfied with Aristotles system and began to develop his own ideas on how to improve on it. Later in life Leibnitz recalled that at this time he was trying to find orderings on logical truths, which, although he did not know it at the time, were the ideas behind rigorous mathematical proofs. As well as his schoolwork, Leibnitz studied his fathers books. In particular he read metaphysics books and theology books from both Catholic and Protestant writers. In 1661, at the age of fourteen, Leibnitz entered the University of Leipzig. It may sound today as if this were a truly exceptionally early age for anyone to enter university, but it is fair to say that by the standards of the time he was quite young but there would be others of a similar age. He studied philosophy, which was well taught at the University of Leipzig, and mathematics, which was very poorly taught. Among the other topics, which were included in this two year, general degree course were rhetoric, Latin, Greek and Hebrew. He graduated with a bachelors degree in 1663 with a thesis De Principio Individui (On the Principle of the Individual) which emphasized the existential value of the individual, who is not to be explained either by matter alone or by form alone but rather by his whole being.

We Must Make Changes in AIDS Education :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

We Must Make Changes in AIDS Education Due to the fervent efforts of health educators, young people at present have a very intimate knowledge of HIV and AIDS. These students were born in the early eighties at the beginning of the AIDS epidemic. Teachers guided students through years of health classes in their junior high and high school years and certified students about the destructive nature of the AIDS virus and ship canal in which it can and cannot be contracted. Health educators made sure that students were well-informed about HIV and presented the topic as being gender neutral. Although pop elaboration and the media claimed that homosexual males were responsible for the epidemic, this idea was never presented in the classroom. Though I am grateful for this aspect of AIDS education, it seems that there was an important aspect deficient from the curriculum the to a greater extent numerous negative effects that the disease has for women. Health education needs to present the effects of AIDS to women and encourage them to be more concerned about contracting and living with the disease. In spite of this need for reform, however, health educators may feel uneasy about changing their curriculum and consider that there are a number of reasons to keep HIV and AIDS curriculum the same. One reason that they might have for maintaining the current curriculum is that they reverence that presenting HIV as more of a womans issue could decrease awareness of the disease in men. However, this probably will not happen. many an(prenominal) people, though not necessarily health educators, already view HIV as more of a mans disease. In fact, according to Allen E. holder of Aids Project Los Angeles, gay men aged 17-24 are at a very high risk for HIV infection and realize the dangers of serious sex but continue to engage in high-risk behavior (DeNoon National). In other words, most men are aware and informed but some are choosing to ignore some of the education that the y received. In reality, men need to make as many changes as women in differentiateliness to stop the AIDS epidemic. Peter Piot, the executive director of the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS, says that men have a crucial role to play in bringing about this radical change (Henderson). Therefore, the new AIDS curriculum would be encouraging both men and women to change their attitudes and actions in order to bring about changes.

King Philip’s War Essay -- History Historical Essays King Pillip

King Philips WarIn 1675, the Algonquian Indians rose up in fury against the prude Colonists, sparking a untamed conflict that engulfed all of Southern New England. From this conflict ensued the most merciless and blood stricken war in American history, tearing flesh from the Puritan doctrine, revealing deep down the bright and incisive fact that anger and violence brings man to a Godless level when faced with the threat of hurt and total destruction. In the summer of 1676, as the violence dispersed and a clearing between the hatred and torment was visible, thousands were dead.(Lepore xxi) Indian and face men, women, and children, along with many another(prenominal) of the young villages of New England were no more casualties of a conflict that was both devastating to the lives and the landscape of New England, as well as the ideologies of both the Indians and the English Puritans that inhabited this land.(Lepore 18)King Philips war was not the basic Indian war that plagues Ameri can history. It was not the first archetypal Settler vs. Savage conflict, and nor would it be the last. King Philips war was a terribly violent and destructive conflict, which was sparked by the zests of maintaining cultural identity and preserving power and authority, both in societal and spiritual capacities upon what one believed to be his land. (Leach 21) Saying that this conflict left all of 17th century New England in a state of confusion is far more than an understatement. With nothing won, and terrific loss, the early Americans, both English and Indian, were unsure of their own, as well as each others identity. This crisis, whether they are aware of it or not, has impacted Americans and their ideologies of themselves for hundreds of years. (Lepore 18)The Puritans came to this New World roughly forty to fifty years before this conflict began, but the guarantee of this conflict arrived in the same boats as they did. Something often misunderstood is that the Puritans themselv es were not separatists, in fact they left England with the firm desire of staying English, maintaining their cultural identity, and remaining faithful and true to the majesty of the homeland. They had left England with the desire of religious freedom, and with hope of having somewhere to practice freely and safely within the boundaries of English oriented society, but free of the sinful and heretical p... ...n, and made an majuscule effect on the development and cultural identity on New England. It altered the mind set of an expanding and driven people, and established a strong ample foundation for an ethnic debate that has been a constant throughout most of American history. These social, political, and cultural effects are what make this war such an takings worth noting. As was stated before, this was neither the first, nor was it the last of the Indian wars in developing America, but it is the only one to expel such consequences and to so greatly effect the landscape that is American history.Works CitedAndrews, Charles M. The Colonial Period of American History Volume II The Settlements. New Haven Yale University Press, 1936.Drake, James D. King Philips War Civil War in New England. Amherst University of Massachusetts Press, 1999.Leach, Douglas Edward. Arms for Empire A Military Hitory of the British Colonies in North America. New York Macmillan Company, 1973.Lepore, Jill. The give away of War King Philips War and the Origins or American Identity. New York Vintage Books, 1998.Mather, Increase. The Day of Trouble Is Near. Cambridge Mass, 1674, 21-23.

Can Officers Effectively Prosecute Domestic Violence Cases Without Vict

When prosecuting criminal domestic emphasis cases too many officers constructed their entire case only on teachings made by the victim. However, victims of domestic abandon are more likely than victims of other violent crime to recant or refuse to cooperate in prosecutorial efforts (Breitenbach, 2008, p. 1256). Officers must consider that victims of domestic violence may refuse to testify because of fear of retaliation, intimidation, financial dependence, emotional attachment, and/or because they reunited with the batterer. If the victim refused to testify during court, their statement against the abuser becomes hearsay evidence. Several recent cases take up had a huge influence on how those statements and hearsay evidence may be utilized in court without the victims testimony. In 2004, the controlling Court ruled on the case of Crawford v Washington and found that testimonial assertions were not exceptions to the hearsay rule (Breitenbach, 2008). Since the purpose of a t estimonial statement was to prove and/or establish facts in a case, the defendant had a right to cross examination of that testimony. This right was termed the Confrontation Clause. Due to the confusion created by the Crawford standard, the Supreme Court provided more parameters in Davis v Washington in June 2006 (Ewing, 2007). Davis established victim accounts as either testimonial or non-testimonial. The courts also believed this include statements taken during the course of an interrogation conducted by law enforcement. If the declarations were acquired by law enforcement to determine an ongoing emergency then they were identified by the court as non-testimonial and not subject to the requirements of the Confrontation Clause. If the statements we... ...ion of the victim. Works CitedBreitenbach, K. G. (2008, Fall). Battling the threat the successful prosecution of domestic violence after Davis v. Washington. Albany legality suss out, 71(4), 1255+. Retrieved from http//go .galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA200252467&v=2.1&u=chazsu_main&it=r&p=AONE&sw=wByrom, C. E. (2005). The Use of the Excited Utterance Hearsay Exception in the Prosecution of Domestic Violence Cases After Crawford v. Washington. Review Of Litigation, 24(2), 409-428. Ellison, L. L. (2002). Prosecuting Domestic Violence without Victim Participation. Modern Law Review, 65(6), 834-858. Ewing, D. (2007). Prosecuting Batterers in the Wake of Davis and Hammon. American Journal Of Criminal Law, 35(1), 91-106. Pence, E. & Paymar, M. (2001). Domestic violence The law enforcement response. Minneapolis, MN Law Enforcement Resource Center.

Can Officers Effectively Prosecute Domestic Violence Cases Without Vict

When prosecuting criminal domestic violence cases too many officers constructed their entire case only on statements made by the victim. However, victims of domestic violence are more likely than victims of other violent crime to recant or refuse to cooperate in prosecutorial efforts (Breitenbach, 2008, p. 1256). Officers must consider that victims of domestic violence may refuse to testify because of fear of retaliation, intimidation, financial dependence, emotional attachment, and/or because they reunited with the batterer. If the victim refused to testify during butterfly, their statement against the maltreater becomes hearsay evidence. Several recent cases have had a huge influence on how those statements and hearsay evidence may be utilized in court without the victims testimony. In 2004, the Supreme Court blueprintd on the case of Crawford v Washington and found that testimonial assertions were not exceptions to the hearsay rule (Breitenbach, 2008). Since the purpose o f a testimonial statement was to prove and/or establish facts in a case, the defendant had a skillful to cross examination of that testimony. This right was termed the Confrontation Clause. Due to the confusion created by the Crawford standard, the Supreme Court provided more parameters in Davis v Washington in June 2006 (Ewing, 2007). Davis established victim accounts as every testimonial or non-testimonial. The courts also believed this included statements taken during the course of an interrogation conducted by law enforcement. If the declarations were acquired by law enforcement to determine an ongoing emergency consequently they were identified by the court as non-testimonial and not subject to the requirements of the Confrontation Clause. If the statements we... ...ion of the victim. Works CitedBreitenbach, K. G. (2008, Fall). Battling the threat the successful prosecution of domestic violence after Davis v. Washington. capital of New York Law Review, 71(4), 1255+. R etrieved from http//go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA200252467&v=2.1&u=chazsu_main&it=r&p=AONE&sw=wByrom, C. E. (2005). The Use of the Excited Utterance Hearsay Exception in the quest of municipal Violence Cases After Crawford v. Washington. Review Of Litigation, 24(2), 409-428. Ellison, L. L. (2002). Prosecuting Domestic Violence without Victim Participation. Modern Law Review, 65(6), 834-858. Ewing, D. (2007). Prosecuting Batterers in the Wake of Davis and Hammon. American Journal Of Criminal Law, 35(1), 91-106. Pence, E. & Paymar, M. (2001). Domestic violence The law enforcement response. Minneapolis, MN Law Enforcement Resource Center.

Permanent Change In An Individuals Knowledge Or Behaviour

Learning can be ocular, kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, lingual, sensible, realistic, religious and moral, and, consequentially, students have really differing degrees of intelligence in these unlike sorts of larning. It is per se of import for instructors to hold a on the job light of how different pupils learn because of this fact that non all pupils learn in the equivalent manner. An educators occupation is to ease acquisition for a pupil, and hence must be adaptable to these assorted acquisition politeness in order to adequately leave for them, and this can non be done without an apprehension of different larning theories and manners. A pupil who is kinesthetic or visually intelligent is non traveling to profit from certain manners of learning every bit much as a pupil who is a logical student, presuming the pedagogue is merely learning in a logical manner. Therefore it is necessary for pedagogues to understand the differing sorts of larning so that the y can provide for multiple intelligences within their lessons, both by admiting their being and permiting pupils the chance to larn in different ways every bit good as developing pupils abilities to interact with intelligences that they might otherwise be non as accustomed to.Equally good as different intelligences there ar different worldviews on how learning occurs, whether it is inactive or active, whether it is societal or personal, and these theories straight affect the teaching method embraced by the instructor keeping them. Therefore the acquisition theories will necessarily order the characters of intelligences most supported by the acquisition that is taking topographic point, and it is up to the pedagogue to understand these learning theories so that they may use them in a manner to outdo explore all of the multiple intelligences and give their pupils the best hazard of making a higher order apprehension of any capable affair. behaviouristic psychology is a opening t hat operates upon an action-reaction or stimulus-response construct of larning. At its kernel this worldview places the scholar in the place of being a blank slate , an empty vas or tabula rasa , which is so filled with the envy cognition or acquisition. Behaviourism assumes that the scholar is inactive and that they respond to any and all environmental stimulations that they are exposed to. The environment acts on the scholar, non the scholar on the environment.Behaviorism can be broken down into two possible signifiers of conditioning classical conditioning and operant conditioning, the late of which was founded by B. F. Skinner and is one of the most outstanding larning theory places. Skinner s operant conditioning position is non-dualistic, it denies that the target is a separate thing to the organic structure, alternatively situating ideas to be private behaviors, analysable in the resembling manner that public behaviors are. Essentially learners learn to operate on the environment.Functionally, operant conditioning plants on a footing of support and penalisation. Reinforcement is a force by which a targeted behavior is caused to happen with greater frequence and penalty a lesser frequence. Both these effects have irresponsible and negative fluctuations, by positive and negative we refer to their linear or subtractive qualities, non their moral deductions. Positive support is when a rewarding stimulation is to happen following a desirable behavior, therefore increasing its frequence. Negative support occurs when an unwanted stimulation is removed after a desirable behavior, besides increasing its frequence. Positive penalty is the happening of a penalty or negative stimulation following an unwanted behavior, diminishing its likelihood, while negative penalty is the remotion of a positive or honoring stimulation following a unsought behavior, besides diminishing the opportunity of reoccurrence.In contrast to behaviorism, constructivism position s the scholar as an active musician in the acquisition procedure. The scholar is an information pass oner 3 , one of the basic premises behind constructivism is that passel are active scholars and must build cognition for themselves. 4 This base premise is that the scholar is a alone person with alone demands and backgrounds. 5 Learning is a constructive, contextualized and active procedure by which the scholar is engaged in actively making a subjective reading of an otherwise nonsubjective world. One of the cardinal differences between constructivism and behaviorism is that the scholar is seen as conveying past experience and cognition to the acquisition, and that it is this past experience that is the specifying factor in the defining and constructing of new cognition. This construct at work postulates that people generate their appreciation on cognition through an interaction between their thoughts and experiences. Further more than the scholar acts upon the environment, interacting with it to make significance, instead so being acted upon.Constructivism, nevertheless, is non a consist theory. Under the streamer of constructivism subsists three chief positions dubbed the exogenic position, the endogenous position and the dialectical position. An exogenic constructivism position posits a strong influence of the external creation on cognition building, such as by experiences, instruction, and exposure to theoretical accounts. Knowledge is accurate to the extent it reflects that world. 6 On the other manus, endogenous constructivism provinces that cognition is derived from ahead mental constructions and focal points on a coordination of cognitive actions 7 , while dialectical constructivism is a blend of the two, situating that cognition is non wholly construed from the external universe, nor is it entirely of the head but instead is the wake of interactions between the scholar and the environment. Schunk, Dale H. ( 2008 ) Constructivist Theo ry ( Chapter 6 ) . In Learning Theories An Educational Perspective. 5th Edition. ( pp.234-277 ) . Upper Saddle River, New island of Jersey Pearson, Merrill Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780132435659 pg 239A behaviorist schoolroom places the scholar in a inactive function, as earlier mentioned, they are tabula rasa 8 . As a consequence the pedagogue is positioned in an active function, basically acting on the scholar to instil cognition. This can take to a schoolroom where the scholar is non needfully boost to prosecute with the cognition presented to them, but instead to basically digest it, taking the cognition in to regurgitate as is when needed. There is nil incorrect with this type of acquisition, so for certain topics and certain countries of topics it is arguably the most efficient signifier of acquisition. However a failing nowadays within the behaviorist theory is that it does non let the scholar to come on much further so the applying grade in the new blooms taxonomy. It may b e wrong to state that it does non allow , but it surely does non promote the scholar to come on farther into the analysing, measuring and making phases of the theoretical account without proper motion into determining the scholars behaviour. Even though they may acquire their ain their ain, the attack does non supply scaffolding to back up the scholar to these more advanced interactions with the cognition. This is because the scholar is non forced to prosecute with the cognition in an active manner, they do non hold to do it their ain, alternatively expected to be able to retrace what the instructor has presented to them, demoing an ability to retrieve and reproduce, but non needfully to grok on a meaningful degree. On the other manus a constructivist attack efforts to guarantee that the scholar interacts on a degree that allows them to prosecute in making from the footing of the cognition conveyed, hence promoting higher order thought. HoweverIn a behaviorist schoolroom the instru ctor will be actively seeking to place behavior to be changed, and, one time identified, they will be after specific intercessions to change that behavior in a coveted manner utilizing ancestors and effects. The instructor invariably accumulates informations on the consequences of these intercessions and modifies their attack to more efficaciously shape the pupils behaviour. Praise, although contingent upon the behavior of the pupil, will strategically and often be habituated out to reenforce coveted behaviors. Each lesson will hold clear and precises ends in footings of cognition, attitudes and accomplishments to be transferred to the pupils, and cues and prompts will be utilized in order to erect up behavioral forms and determine the pupils into the coveted acquisition form. This would so be scheduled with uninterrupted regular support to get down with, followed by more intermittent and sporadic support to ease the pupil into ego regulated acquisition. This defining is necessar y because a rigorous behaviorist attack is merely efficacious for a short period of clip, determining is required to foster the pupils larning.In an English schoolroom it would be expected that the instructor would be actively reenforcing the contest of pupils in category treatment with prima and directed oppugning accompanied with congratulations for engagement. The teacher*/***As a instructor it is of import to gain that behaviorism does work, it is a important portion of any instruction and has a really effectual and functional intent but that it is non all of the image. As with the demand to be mixed in learning to cover the multiple intelligences, so excessively do we hold to be various in the theories we use in our pattern. While behaviorism is a really of import tool we can utilize, and basically covers a big part of the behaviour direction and positive forms we can put in the category, we still need constructivism in order to ease *Piaget posited four phases that all human existences go through in the procedure of ripening. The sensorimotor phase is that phase from birth to age 2. Children experience the universe through motion and senses ( utilize five senses to research the universe ) -Santrock, John W.. Children. 9. New York, NY McGraw-Hill, 1998.The preoperational phase consists of kids from ages two to vii and consists of egoism and begins to see the universe symbolically, so the kids begin to believe logically and travel into the concrete operational phase between ages seven and twelve and in conclusion from age 12 onwards reach the formal operation phase and develop abstract logical thinking. the fact that many of thevoluntary responses of animate beings andworlds are strengthened when they arereinforced ( followed by a desirableeffect ) and weakened when theyare either neglected or punished. organisms learn new behaviors and when to video display them and EunlearnE? bingbehaviors. all behaviors are accompanied by certain effects, and these effectsstrongly influence whether these behaviors are repeated and at what degree of strength. Positive interactions between instructor and pupils can bring forth successful acquisitionresults in the presence of complex kineticss of individuals, conditions and results. Snowman et Al. ( 2009 ) . Chapter 7. Behavioural Learning Theory OperantConditioning . In Psychology Applied toTeaching. 1st Australian Edition. Milton,QLD John Wiley & A Sons Australia Ltd.Bibliography

Bio Lab

The reactions and Results of Using Enzyme Turnip stemma Peroxidase Lab results from Andrew Compton, Mickey. Results published 9/29/2012. TA In this series of laboratory experiments, my lab render and I were to conduct an experiment about the oxidation vagabond of the enzyme peroxidase in the presence of its substrate guiacol. Also we used other substrates, such as hydroxyla seconde an enzyme inhibitor, to come after the weather the reaction rate was slowed down, sped up, or stopped reactions all together.These results were get intoed by taking the materials in a test thermionic vacuum tube, then inserting them into a spectrophotometer to record the oxidation (intensity of color change from clear to reddish-brown) over a grade of deuce minutes to observe color change. After all of the experiments that we ran we could conclude the enzyme oxidation rate (mmoles/min) depending on the amount of each product that was used in a single cubit test tube. The following materials and Co ncepts were used to achieve oxidized/non-oxidized guaiacol turn peroxidase (show the results of denatured enzymes/proteins when guaiacol is added) * Guaiacol (toxic substrate, common byproduct of cellular respiration) * Hydroxylamine (an extremely toxic carcinogen that is an enzyme inhibitor to peroxidase) * Peroxidase (enzyme from Turnip Root) * PH buffer of PH? * Spectrophotometer (record results of oxidation rate over two minutes. The of import objective of this lab was to observe the action of enzyme peroxidase in real time under different experimental conditions. To see how peroxidase reacts with its substrate guaiacol under different conditions.We saloon the amount of substances per test tube and then combine all of them together. individually test tube contains a placardd amount of any listed substances including H? O. Each measured amount of peroxidase along with its substrate guaiacol, and other listed substances will show how actively the enzyme oxidizes the substrat e. To measure the amount of oxidized substrate (amount of Hydrogen and electrons removed from guaiacol). As the measured substances are quickly and properly added to the test tubes, the test tube is then quickly inserted into the spectrophotometer.Then the results of oxidized guaiacol was measured and recorded over a course of two minutes. This allows us to digitally use precise measurements on how intense the color oxidation has become. Peroxidase, a common enzyme within many forms of life, helps catalyze the detoxification reaction of H? O?. H? O? is a common toxic byproduct of cellular respiration. One such substrate of H? O? is guiacol, a compound that my partner and I used during this experiment. As a result of the guiacol being oxidized, a reddish-brown color is formed indicating oxidized guaiacol has been formed.However, if a substrate inhibitor such as hydroxylamine inhibits the guaiacol by competing for the activation site most likely preventing color change. Therefore, dep ending on the amount of peroxidase, hydroxylamine, and guaiacol in a cuvette, it will set apart action of guaiacol oxidation. Each experiment required a particular(prenominal) amount of substances within a cuvette. After each test tube is filled with all of the samples, the cuvette is right off covered with perafilm and inserted in the spectrophotometer to be recorded for guaiacol oxidation rate over two minutes (A/min).Once the (A/min) was recorded, those results were then calculated to find the graph equation of reactions per minute. By finding the equation we took the change in 20 seconds multiplied by 3(seconds) in order to give us our results on graphs. Experiment one was to measure the oxidation depending on the concentration of peroxidase in five separate cuvettes. Also, it was to see what the personal effects of a concentrated amount of denatured enzymes (boiled enzyme) has on its substrate in a separate cuvette. The enzyme solutions were prepared as described on page 5 of the Lab Handout. Experiment two was to measure the effect of pH on peroxidase drill.Using buffers pH3, 5, 7, and 9 the same amount of water, enzymes, and substrate was added to each solution. The amount of each substance is given on page 6 of the lab handout. Experiment tether was to measure the effect of substrate concentration instead of peroxidase concentration from experiment one. Four test tubes are to each have different concentrations of guaiacol to see how such(prenominal) oxidation occurs. The amount of each substrate is given in page 7 of the lab manual. The quaternth experiment required the results of oxidation levels with the presence of hydroxylamine. It was to dd specific amounts of inhibitor hydroxylamine to two cuvettes in given amounts. Ex1 test tube 1 2 3 4 5 A/min 0. 816 0. 039 1. 65 0. 594 0. 606 ?L Enzyme one hundred fifty 0 350 50 25 Experiment one shows that, as the enzyme concentration is increased, in A/Min. Meaning the much the enzyme the more oxid ation that tends to occur. Ex 2 test tube 6 1 7 8 pH 3 5 7 9 A/min 0. 093 0. 816 0. 672 0. 021 Experiment two shows what rate of activity is shown with different levels of pH. The graph concludes that the neutral pH of 7 shows the best rate of A/min oxidation. Ex 3 essay tube 1 9 10 11 12A/min 0. 816 0. 729 0. 516 0. 315 1. 551 substrate ? L 500 300 200 100 1000 In experiment three, guaiacol concentration is changed to show the different amounts of oxidation reactions or A/min. The graph concludes that cuvette twelve that contains the highschoolest concentration of substrate. Will create the highest amount of oxidation reactions. Ex4 Test tube 13 14 1* A/min 1. 473 1. 758 0. 816 Inhibitor 500 100 0 Experiment number four was supposed to show the proscribe effect of an inhibitor on an enzyme. The experiment shows invalid results. However, if the results were accurate, the 500?L concentration of hydroxylamine should have produced the least amount of a/min. The main objective withi n the experiments is to determine the activity rate of oxidation. With the instructions given, we are to predict how each reaction will occur. Weather there be a small amount of reactions, major amounts of reactions or none at all. In experiment one our results showed that the higher(prenominal) concentration of an enzyme the higher the activity of reactions occurred with the substrate. The experiment was to show if the concentration of enzyme would have a major effect in reaction activity if the amount of substrate stayed the same.From the results, you can clearly see that the enzyme activity was at its most optimal when at 200uL. However, the denatured enzymes had hardly any activity because they arent natured proteins. Also, cuvette 3 showed that even with an extremely high concentration of enzyme it still does not have as high of activity rate because of the chances it will combine with its substrate is low because of the amount of H2O. Experiment two was to see what level of p H buffer was the most optimal for enzyme activity with its substrate. The results of the experiment showed that the enzyme was most optimal at pH 7.Since pH 7 is a neutral pH, it shows that the other pHs that are introductory or acidic tend to hinder the activity of the enzyme activity. Weather donating H+ or adding H+. Experiment three was the opposite of experiment one. It was to see what the effects of substrate concentration had on peroxidase activity. From the spectrophotometer results, the most optimal activity rate occurred with 1000uL of substrate. With cuvette twelve being the highest amount of activity, this shows that the more substrate you have creates an even faster rate of activity with the same amount of enzyme in any cuvette.The more substrate the more of a chance there is to react with the enzyme. Experiment four was the only one containing peroxidases competitive inhibitor hydroxylamine. Hydroxylamine is an inhibitor indeed it is supposed to either stop or slow the activity rate of enzymes. Cuvette 13 had a higher concentration of hydroxylamine. Therefore, the higher concentration of hydroxylamine the less enzyme oxidation activity is occurring, and more competitive inhibitors are attaching to peroxidase. Overall, these experiments show what amounts of concentrations have on enzyme oxidation activity upon its substrate, what temperature/pH is ctivity most optimal in, and what shows how much an inhibitor can affect an enzymes reactivity rate. With increasing enzyme concentration, there was more of a chance for it to come into contact with its substrate thereof increasing activity. However, enzyme activity will slowly diminish once the substrate has been oxidized. On the other hand, if you have an extreme amount of substrate. The experiment shows that the reaction rate is much higher due to the amount of oxidation occurring. These experiments had to be done a few times to receive valid results.The spectrophotometer had varying A/min and the test called for constant changes in variation of substance measurements to receive valid results. Also, the whole laboratory experiment for experiment number four was invalid. The hydroxylamine was tainted and therefore unable to inhibit peroxidase. Therefore, giving invalid results. In this lab, we investigated how much substrate and enzyme concentration affected the rate of oxidation reaction. We investigated what the optimal pH was for basic enzyme activity/guaiacol oxidation, and what happens when an inhibitor is added to an even solution of enzyme and substrate.We can conclude that substrate and enzyme concentrations are most optimal when one is much higher than the other. However, higher substrate concentration showed that the activity is higher due to the likelihood of reactions with its enzyme. Also, even amounts of enzymes and substrate shows highest activity rates when at a neutral pH instead of in a more basic or acidic solution. The enzyme inhibitors clearly show the sl owing of activity rate when more of it is applied to a solution of enzymes and substrate.The relationships of all of these procedures was to show us under what conditions does the oxidation of guaiacol from enzymes become most optimal, and what has the highest reactivity rates. References Campbell, N and Reese, J. B (2006) Biology, p. 142-149, Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco CA Marrs, K (2007) K101 Laboratory Manual, Ex. 5 Characterization of Turnip Root Peroxidase KhanAcademy (2012) Oxidation and reduction cellular respiration http//www. khanacademy. org/science/biology/cellular-respiration/v/oxidation-and-reduction-in-cellular-respiration.

What Is The Ercp Health And Social Care Essay

ERCP is a diagnostic trial to analyze the duodenum ( the starting signal part of the olive-sized intestine ) , the papilla of Vater ( a little nipple-like plait with gaps taking to the get to massals and the pancr swallow upic canalise ) , the rankle canals, the gag bladder and the pancreatic canal. The work on is performed by utilizing a long, flexible, sing instrument ( a duodenoscope ) slightly the diameter of a pen. The duodenoscope is flexible and can be directed and moved around the many decompression sicknesss of the tummy and intestine. Two types of duodenoscopes argon presently available. A fiberoptic duodenoscope uses a thin fiberoptic package to convey images to the lens at the sing terminal of the instrument. A videoscope uses a thin wire with a bit at the tip of the instrument to convey images to a Television screen. The duodenoscope is inserted finished and through the oral cavity, to the dorsum of the pharynx, down the alimentary pipe, through the tummy and into the first part of the little bowel ( duodenum ) . Once the papilla of Vater is identified, a little plastic catheter ( cannula ) is passed through an unfastened channel of the duodenoscope into the papilla of Vater, and into the gall ducts and/or the pancreatic canal. Contrast thrust ( dye ) is so injected and X raies argon taken of the gall canals and the pancreatic canal. The unfastened channel anyways allows new(prenominal) instruments to be passed through it in put to head for the hills biopsies, to infix plastic or metal tubing to alleviate obstructor of gall canals caused by malignant neoplastic disease or scarring, and to execute mug by utilizing electrocautery ( electric heat ) . For farther information on the anatomy and physiology of bile production ( by the liver ) and circulation, delight see the Gallstones article.The liver is a big solid organ located beneath the right stop. The liver produces gall, which is stored in the gall bladder ( a little pouch located beneath the liver ) . later repasts, the gall bladder contracts and empties the gall through the cystic canal, into the gall canals, through the papilla of Vater, and into the bowel to assist with digestion. The pancreas is located behind the tummy. It besides produces digestive juice which drains through the pancreatic canal into the papilla of Vater, and into the bowel.What sort of readying is required?For the best possible scrutiny, the tummy must be empty. The diligent should non eat anything after midnight on the eventide predating the test. In instance the process is performed early in the forenoon, no liquid should be taken. In instance the scrutiny is performed at midday clip, a cup of tea, juice, milk, or java can be taken 4 hours earlier. Heart and blood force per unit area medicinal drugs should always be taken with a little sum of H2O in the early forenoon. Since the process will necessitate endovenous sedation, the long-suffering needs to conquer a familia r spirit thrust him/her stead after the process.What can be expected during and after the process?The affected role will be given medicine through a vena to do relaxation and drowsiness. The patient will be given some local anaesthetic to diminish the joke physiologic reaction. Some doctors do non utilize local anaesthetic and prefer to give the patients more endovenous medicine for sedation. This besides applies to those patients who have a history of sensitized reaction to Xylocaine, can non digest the acrimonious gustatory sensation of the local anaesthetic, or the numbness esthesis in the pharynx. While the patient is lying on the left-hand(a) side on the x-ray tabular array, the endovenous medicine is given and so the instrument inserted gently through the oral cavity into the duodenum. The instrument advances through the nutrient pipe and non the air pipe. It does non interfere with the external respiration and gagging is normally prevented or decreased by the medicine.Whe n the patient is in semi-conscious province, he/she can noneffervescent follow instructions to alter the place on the x-rays tabular array. Once the instrument has been advanced into the tummy, there is minimum uncomfortableness except for the foreign constituent(a) structure esthesis in the pharynx. The process can last any where from 15 proceedingss to one hr, depending on the accomplishment of the doctor and the anatomy or abnormalcies in that country.After the process, the patients should be observed in the recovery country until most of the effects from the medicine have worn off. This normally takes one to two hours. The patient whitethorn experience bloated or somewhat nauseated from the medicine or the process. Very seldom a patient experiences purging and may burp or go through some gas through the rectum. Upon discharge, the patient should be driven place by his/her comrade and is advised to remain place for the remainder of the two dozen hours. The patient can restart usual activity the following twenty-four hours. Even though the doctor may explicate to the patient or comrade sing the findings after the process, it is still necessary to name the doctor the following twenty-four hours to guarantee that the patient understands the consequences of the scrutiny.What are the grounds for the scrutiny?The liver, bile canals, gall bladder, pancreas and the papilla of Vater can be involved in legion diseases, doing myriad of symptoms. ERCP is used in naming and handling the undermentioned conditionsGallstones in the gall canal obstructionist of the gall canal by rocks, malignant neoplastic disease, stenosis or compaction from next variety meatsJaundice ( xanthous colouring of the tegument ) collect to obstructor of the gall canal, besides doing darkening of the urine and light coloured stool.Persistent or recurrent pep pill abdominal hurting which can non be diagnosed by other trialsUnexplained loss of appetency and weight lossConfirming the diagnosing of malignant neoplastic disease of the pancreas or the bile canal, so that surgery or other intervention can be tailoredWhat are the side effects and hazards of the process?ERCP is a extremely specialised process which requires a batch of experience and accomplishment. The process is rather safe and is associated with a really low hazard when it is performed by experient doctors. The success rate in executing this process varies from 70 % to 95 % depending on the experience of the doctor. Complications can happen in near one to five per centum depending on the accomplishment of the doctor and the implicit in upset. The most common complication is pancreatitis which is due to annoyance of the pancreas and can happen even in really experient doctors. This injection pancreatitis is normally treated in the hospital for one to two yearss. Another possible complication is infection. Other serious hazards including perforation of the intestine, drug reactions, hemorrhage, depressed ex ternal respiration, irregular doorknocker round or bosom onslaught are highly rare. In instance of complication, patient demands to be hospitalized and surgery is seldom required.In drumhead, ERCP is a instead simple outpatient scrutiny that is performed with the patient sedated. The process provides important information upon which specific intervention can be tailored. In certain instances, therapy can be performed at the same clip through the duodenoscope, so that traditional unfastened surgeries can be avoided. ERCP is presently the diagnostic and curative process of pick in most patients for placing and taking bilestones in the gall canals.Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography at a GlanceERCP is a diagnostic process to analyze diseases of the liver, bile canals and pancreas.ERCP is performed under endovenous sedation, normally without general anaesthesia.ERCP is an uncomfortable but non afflictive process. There is a low incidence of complications.ERCP can supply of import information that can non be obtained by other diagnostic scrutinies, e.g. abdominal ultrasound, CT scan, endoscopic echography ( EUS ) , or MRI.Frequently, curative steps can be performed at the clip of ERCP to take rocks in the gall ducts or to alleviate obstructors of the gall canals.Front overhear of the PancreasThe pancreas is about 6 inches long and sits across the dorsum of the venters, behind the tummy. The caput of the pancreas is on the right side of the venters and is connected to the duodenum ( the first subdivision of the little bowel ) through a little tubing called the pancreatic canal. The narrow terminal of the pancreas, called the tail, extends to the left side of the organic structureFront View of the SpleenThe quick temper is an organ in the upper far left portion of the venters, to the left of the tummy. The spleen varies in size and form between people, but it s normally fist-shaped, violet, and about 4 inches long. Because the irascibility is protect ed by the rib coop, you ca nt easily experience it unless it s abnormally enlarged.The lien plays multiple back uping functions in the organic structure. It acts as a filter for blood as portion of the immune system. Old ruddy blood cells are recycled in the lien, and thrombocytes and white blood cells are stored at that place. The lien besides helps contend certain sorts of bacteriums that cause pneumonia and meningitisStomachThe tummy is a muscular pouch located on the left side of the upper venters. The tummy receives nutrient from the gorge. As nutrient r severallyes the terminal of the gorge, it enters the tummy through a muscular valve called the lower esophageal sphincter.The tummy secretes acid and enzymes that digest nutrient. Ridges of musculus tissue called rugae cable system the tummy. The tummy muscles contract sporadically, churning nutrient to heighten digestion. The pyloric sphincter is a muscular valve that opens to let nutrient to base on balls from the tummy to the little bowel.ERCPERCP stands for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Equally difficult as this is to state, the thought behind the test is reasonably simple. A dye is injected into the gall and pancreatic canals utilizing a flexible, video endoscope. Then X raies are taken to sketch the gall canals and pancreas.The liver produces gall, which flows through the canals, base on ballss or fills the gall bladder and so enters the bowel ( duodenum ) merely beyond the tummy. The pancreas, which is six to eight inches long, sits behind the tummy. This organ secretes digestive enzymes that flow into the bowel through the same gap as the gall. Both gall and enzymes are needed to digest food.http //www.gicare.com/images/endoscopy/ERCP-1.jpgEquipmentThe flexible endoscope is a singular piece of equipment that can be directed and moved around the many decompression sicknesss in the upper GI piece of land. The endoscopes have a bantam, optically sensitive computing machine bit at the terminal. Electronic signals are so genetical up the range to the computing machine which so displays the image on a big picture screen. An unfastened channel in the range allows other instruments to be passed through it to execute biopsies, inject solutions, make scratchs or topographic point stents.Reasons for the ExamDue to factors related to diet, environment and heredity, the gall canals, gall bladder and pancreas are the place of legion upsets. These can develop into a assortment of diseases and/or symptoms. ERCP helps in naming and handling these conditions.ERCP may be used forGallstones, which are trapped in the chief gall canalObstruction of the gall canalTo measure xanthous icterus, which turns the tegument yellow and the urine darkCancer of the gall ducts or pancreasPancreatitis ( redness of the pancreas )Infections of the gall canalsLeaks of the bile canal or pancreatic canalPreparationThe lone readying needed before an ERCP is to non eat or imbibe for eight hours prior to the process. You may be asked to halt certain medicines such as acetylsalicylic acid or other blood dilutants before the process. Check with the doctor.The ProcedureAn ERCP uses X ray and is performed in a room specially equipped for X raies. The patient is positioned on his or her tummy or left side with the caput turned to the right.A The patient is sedated and a piece of plastic placed in the oral cavity to maintain the oral cavity unfastened. The endoscope is so gently inserted into the upper gorge. The patient breathes easy throughout the test, with muzzling seldom happening. A thin tubing is inserted through the endoscope to the chief gall canal come ining the duodenum. Dye is so injected into this bile canal and/or the pancreatic canal and x-ray movies are taken. If a bilestone is found, stairss may be taken to take it. An scratch can be made utilizing electrocautery ( galvanizing heat ) to open the lower part of the canal as it enters the duodenum. Additionally, it is possible to widen narrowed canals and to put little tube, called stents, in these countries to maintain them unfastened. The exam takes from 20 to 40 proceedingss, but could take up to an hr or more, depending on the complexness of the process, after which the patient is taken to the recovery area.http //www.gicare.com/images/endoscopy/ERCP-2.jpgConsequencesAfter the test, the doctor explains the consequences. If the effects of the depressants are prolonged, the doctor may propose an assignment for a ulterior day of the month when the patient can to the full understand the consequences.BenefitsAn ERCP is performed chiefly to place and/or correct a job in the gall ducts or pancreas. This means the trial enables a diagnosing to be made upon which specific intervention can be given. If a bilestone is found during the test, it can frequently be removed, extinguishing the demand for major surgery. If a obstruction in the gall canal causes xanthous icterus or hurting, it can be reliev ed.http //www.gicare.com/images/endoscopy/ERCP-3.jpgAlternate TestingERCP is now mostly a curative process and reserved for state of affairss where an abnormalcy is expected.A Alternatives include a particular MRI of the gall canals ( MRCP ) , which enables review of the gall ducts without the hazard of ERCP.A Special ultrasound trials ( endoscopic ultrasound ) , CT-scan and atomic medical specialty X raies are besides ways to measure the gall canals and pancreas.A In add-on, dye can be injected into the gall canals by puting a needle through the tegument and into the liver. polished tube can so be threaded into the bile canals. Study of the blood besides can supply some indirect information about the canals and pancreas.Side Effectss and HazardsA impermanent, mild sore pharynx sometimes occurs after the test. Serious hazards with ERCP are comparatively uncommon. One such hazard is pancreatitis.A Because the pancreas and bile canals lie near to each other, there is a opportunity th e pancreas can go inflamed.A It is of import to understand this hazard before continuing with an ERCP.A Other hazards include shed blooding, particularly if an scratch is necessary, perforation and infection.A These complications may necessitate hospitalization and, seldom, surgery.AIt is of import to state your doctor if you are pregnant or if you have had anterior reactions to contrast agents.ADue to the mild sedation, the patient should non drive or run machinery for six hours following the test. For this ground, a driver should attach to the patient to the test.

Landslide Limousine Performance management plan Essay

Stonefield is starting up a new limousine commerce with 25 employee, located in Austin, Texas. The exercise anxiety plan is the starting point or a map for the company to identify and achieve the desire outcome they want for their employees and their customer. The company wants to increase its goal through its performance management plan. the performance framework alone with the strategies of the business will developed an organizational performance philosophy, performed patronage analyses to identify inevitable skills needed by employees, identified systems for measuring employees skills, developed a process for addressing skill gaps, and developed an approach for delivering effective performance feedback to employees. Performance management plan should always be use as a tool for a business to run smooth. The performance management framework with the strategies of the business agree to Cascio (2013), at a general level, the broad process of performance management requires t hat you do three things well define performance, facilitate performance, and encourage performance.The coach-and-fours at landslide must ensure that each and every employee know what is expected of them. They must have goals that ar sustainable. The goals that argon set must make the company prospering (Cascio 2013). Managers must facilitate performance by eliminating roadblocks. They must provide all the right resources, tools and training. With that being said they must also hire the right employees in other words hire the right fit. You burn downt have an employee with a bad driving record driving for a limo service, so you have do a background check just one example. Every employee like the last one, encourage performance, managers should always encourage employees in several(prenominal) kind of way, show them how they are appreciated. According to Cascio (2013), dont bother offering rewards that nobody cares about, like a gift certificate to see a fortune teller. Ifyou ar e good to your employees they will be good to you. Show them you care.Organizational performance philosophyThe philosophy of Landslide Limousine will be to utilize the max efficiency and the effectiveness of each employees performance and furthermore to facilitate communication between the employees and their supervisors, according to University of California, Berkeley (2014), employees at all levels are responsible for actively communicating with their supervisors about their performance, taking an active role in prep their development, being accountable for their actions, and continually striving for excellence in their performance. Supervisors are responsible for training and making sure that the employees have the right tools to carry out the mission or job. They have to make sure the job is done right. They have to make sure the customer are taking care of. The job analysis process to identify necessary skills needed by employees According to Cascio (2013), Performance standar ds translate job requirements into levels of acceptable or unacceptable employee behavior.Job analysis identifies what is to be done. Job analysis information hindquarters be gathered in a variety of ways, Landslide Limousine will be using all combinations of method. The observation is one method which is limited to and so many jobs. The interview method is gathering information which requires an interview with every employee. This should be easy to do since he is starting off with tho 25 employees. The interview method should focus on how the employees is performing each job. The major duties of the position. Are there is jobs physical demands. This method can be time very consuming but it will help Landslide Limousine identify necessary skills needed by employees. The last method is the Questionnaires. This method is widely used it tells management where training is needed, what is going right, what is wrong and what need improving. It can be a very detail long and mixed proce ss.Methods used for measuring the employees skillsI would recommend Landslide use the Behavior-oriented evaluate methods and results-oriented place method for measuring the employees skills. Managers should conduct ride-a-long with each device driver to observe their behavior and to rate their skills against others. The manager should document theobservation. Mangers should always provide feedback in a timely manner. It should be taken to improve employee performance. According to Cascio (2013), behavior-oriented rating methods focus on employee behaviors, either by comparing the performance of employees to that of other employees or by evaluating each employee in terms of performance standards without reference to others.The results-oriented rating method is another great method to use. The company needs to have a way to do customer survey. Customer service is one of the nigh important skills that should be measured constantly. According to Cascio (2013), results-oriented rating methods place primary emphasis on what an employee produces dollar volume of sales, number of units produced, and number of wins during a baseball game season are examples. In other word a limo driver will be rated on how well his/her skills are with customer service. They are being rating and measured at all times.Process for addressing skill gapsWhen addressing skill gaps it should be communicated on a daily basic but in a more formal way during the Performance evaluation. It should identify the areas that need benefit, a performance improvement plan (PIP) can be put in place. This is the opportunity for an employee that do not have all the skill to succeed to receive the appropriate training that he/she did or didnt have. When addressing area for improvement communication is the key between managers and employees.Approach for delivering effective performance feedbackAccording to Cascio (2013), before giving feedback, getting training in performance appraisal interviewing, plan ning to use a problem-solving approach rather than tell -and-sell, and encouraging subordinates to prepare for performance-feedback interviews, is important. Also, while giving feedback, each manager should be encouraging subordinates to participate by being specific, being an active listener, setting mutually agreeable goals for future improvements, avoiding destructive criticism, and judging performance and not personality and mannerisms. Lastly, after the feedback is communicated, each manager should periodically assess progress toward goals and make organizational rewards contingent on performance. If Landslide Limousine needs to make sure they that provide these before,during, and after feedback activities, these activities can help better the performance of each and every person that Landslide employ.ConclusionHaving a good Performance plan before starting business is always a great beginning. You need a stepping stone to hire the right employee and to put the right people in the place. Providing them with the right tools make for a successfully business and satisfied customer.ReferencesCascio, W. F. (2013). Managing Human Resources (9th Ed.). New York, NY The McGraw- Hill Companies, Inc. University of Berkley. (2014). Berkley HR. Retrieved from http//hrweb.berkeley.edu/about/philosophy/performance-management What is Human Resource? (2015). Retrieved from http//www.whatishumanresource.com/job-analysis-methods

Organic Food vs. Non Organic Food Essay

In todays society you walk into a grocery store and you always have the option of organic or non organic nutrient. There are even grocery stores dedicated to organic foods like Trader Joes, Sprouts and Whole Food market. I personally have bygone organic and will never go back to eating or drinking non organic food. organic fertiliser food may be pricey however less hormones, less cow puss and blood in your milk, and less pesticides. The controversies about organic food vs non organic food is it worth it?My answer is vitamin C percent yes organic is the way to go. The fruits and vegetables you get at a normal grocery store that are non organic have several pesticides on it. drop dead to the daily green, eating organic means avoiding the pesticide residue left on foods. Though there are mixed reviews on if consuming pesticides hurt your repellent system, pregnant women are taking the cautionary steps on making sure their future child will be born healthy and not be exposed t o pesticides at an early age.On the Dirty Dozen list, apples are the number 1 food source of 2011, with over 40 know pesticides in just 1 apple. Not surprisingly, pesticide residue is in like manner found in apple juice and apple sauce, making all apple products refreshful foods to buy organic. Strawberries have over 60 pesticides on it, so while you wash your strawberries remember you are eating pesticide residue remains on those strawberries you bought at the food market. 93% of Americans tested by the CDC had metabolites of chlorpyrifos a nuerotoxic insecticide in their urine.Banned from home use because of its risks to children, chlorpyrifos is part of a family of pesticides (organophosphates) linked to ADHD. Women who were exposed to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane as girls are 5 times to a greater extent likely to develop breast cancer, according to Panna. Several people are allergic to the growth hormone farmers put in their animals, but are able to eat organic meats becaus e animals increase organically are not allowed to be fed antibiotics, the bovine clement growth hormone (rbGH), or other artificial drugs. Animals are also not allowed to eat genetically modified foods.Organic meat the animals are also killed more humane than non organic animals. The animals are raised in a healthier environment, fed organic feed, and often eat a wider range of nutrients than those raised in factory farms (such as would be the case of free-range chickens and ranch cattle). Cbn. com stated, In a recent poll, two-thirds of Americans surveyed stated they would like to be able to fit organic foods into their budgets. Organic food may cost more but less exposure to unnecessary hormones and pesticides is worth it.Organic is the way to go, lower pesticide levels, more nutrients, no antibiotics, no added growth hormones, and environmental responsibility. Although research findings about benefits of organic produce are not conclusive, it is definite that organic stuff is safer than the produce with traces of pesticides. Organic milk, vegetables and fruits are much more expensive than the non-organic but if you can afford it then go for it. If more people start buying organic food then gradually their prices will gradually come down.

Advanced industrial business management

Globalization is actually the process of economic, technological, political and socio- cultural forces i.e. sphericalization refers to the rendering or development of values, knowledge, technology and behavioral norms across different societies and countries around the world.The characteristics of world(a)ization ar mostly linked with global networking (i.e. internet, electronic communication or technology and legion(predicate) more) with interflow of information in the economic, social, political and cultural learning beas, interflow between global alliances and competitors, international collaboration and multi-cultural integration and global village and technology.Globalization amplifies the cultural diversity of an organization and the social club guides to be aware of the culture diversity within the organization so that they skunk guide the managers when they take decisions. Managers need to further their contributions to the organization by being informed about cultur al differences among the play alongs international operations.The companys role is not to purpose to or block technology transfers or different innovations to facilitate them. The growing globalization of business also means grater movement of employees among countries. (Edwards, 2006)Global ExpansionCompanies large and small rely in global expansion and the companies find that thinking globally can provide them with a competitive edge over their competitors. International markets provide many opportunities for companies to expand themselves. Large companies are the 1s who carry out international business .Companies who are global or in the global or stateless pointedness of international development transcend any single home country. The companies operate in a global fashion, making sales and acquiring resources in countries where the approach is the minimum and where a lot of business opportunities are there.At this stage, companies founder their offices located at differe nt locations around the world with total control and ownership. The companies that operation internationally encourages free flow of ideas, products, manufacturing and marketing among countries so that they can achieve great efficiencies. (Daft, 1997)Ways to ExpansionThere are different methods of global expansion for any large company. All companies have a couple of ways in which they can expand their business globally. One if the ways a large company can expand itself it finished seeking out cheaper sources for supplies and looking for cheaper suppliers who would supply the company offshore, this process is called the outsourcing method.Another method for a company to expand globally would be by developing markets for the companys finished products outside the companys home country, this may include licensing, channel investment or even through exporting etc.This openhearted of method is called the market entry strategy where the company introduces itself and its products for s elling in a foreign market. What happens is that the most companies start with exporting and they work up to direct investing in the foreign market. The different ways for a company to expand itself globally are as follows-OutsourcingOutsourcing here is being referred to as global sourcing or outsourcing, basically means engaging in the international division of labor so that the production of the companys products can be make in the cheapest sources and supplies available to the company.For example, the company may take away a contract from a domestic supplier because the supplier was providing the company with expensive materials and can replace it with a supplier in Far East because that supplier is providing with the cheapest material for the production of the products. Outsourcing is mostly conducted by the company so that it can ontogeny its profits. (Fullmer, 1983) tradeWith the help of exporting the company can maintain its production facilities within the home nation and then transfers the product for sale in the foreign market. Exporting basically helps the country to market its product in other countries at modest resource cost and with very minimum risk for the company and the country.There are some large companies that usually do not want to be involved in any kind of investment in the foreign market, and so for such companies who want to expand globally usually export their product to the foreign markets like Gerber Scientific Inc. (high-tech equipment supplier).LicensingWith the help of licensing a company in one country makes certain sources available to companies in another country. These resources include technology, managerial skills, patents or even trademark rights. Franchising is a form of licensing in which the franchisor provides foreign franchises with a complete package of material and services, which include equipment, products, product ingredients, trade mark and trade name rights, managerial advice and a standardized operating.S ome of the best known international franchisors are the fast foods chains and coffee shops like Starbucks, Costa Coffee, Burger King, Dunkin Donuts, KFC, Pizza Hut or McDonalds. Licensing and franchising offer a business company relatively an lenient access to international markets at low costs, but the limit its participation in and control over the development of those markets. (Fullmer, 1983)Direct InvestmentDirect investment can be set forth as a higher involvement of the company in an international trade. Direct investment means when the company is involved in managing the productive assets, which distinguishes it from the other entry strategies which stops less management control.Joint venture is a also a part of direct investment which can be defined as a variation of direct investment in which the company would share costs and risks with another firm to build a manufacturing facility, or to develop immature products or even to set up a sales and distribution network. (Ful lmer, 1983)ConclusionThis paper basically stresses on the growing importance of an international or global perspective of the company that how it can expand itself.Large companies that have been a huge success in their home countries have begun to expand their business overseas and are preparing themselves even now to withstand domestic competition from the foreign markets competitors. Business in the global arena involves risks and difficulties that have to be faced by the companys management.ReferencesDaft, R.L. (1997) Management. Orlando The Dryden PressDavid Roman (2008), Going Global, purchasable from , on 5th December08Edwards, W. (2006), Why go global? Compelling reasons to expand internationally, Available from http//www.allbusiness.com/retail-trade/4017371-1.html, on 5th December08Fullmer, R.M. (1983) The New Management New York Macmillan Publishing Company

Prayer policies between the Christian and Muslim Essay

The Christian and Moslem religions have long argued their religious differences. On the surface, both religions possess similarities. Both religions advocate the worship of a singular God. Both impose obligations and duties on their believers as a means of becoming and staying as an advocate of the religion. Both character supplication as a means of communicating with God. However, when the prayer policies of each religion are contrasted, the differences between the two systems of beliefs potentiometer be easily identifiedin their concept of prayer, the word form of prayer and the rituals that come with it, and the intention of the prayer.A primary distinction in the prayer policies of both religions is their meeting of the concept of prayer. The Muslim religion, or Islam, understands prayer as that which involves a series of very specific rituals. The Islamic principle of salat, which is commonly used to understand the Muslim concept of prayer, signifies a rigid set of prayer s that Muslims are expected to perform five times daily (Salat Daily Prayers). On the otherwise hand, Christians view prayer in a broader sense, in that they see it as a form of mental and emotional attitude.Therefore, their prayer is non limited to a prescribed form. For the Christians, there is no right and wrong way of praying (Muslims Ask, Christians Answer). A glimpse at the form of rituals each religion observes in praying exceed illustrate this point. In the Muslim religion, ablutions and washing are requisite before praying. This is in keeping with the belief that only those who are considered to have been purified can make it with God. A prayer leader known as the Muezzin c exclusivelys the Muslim faithful to prayer from a portion of a mosque called a Minaret.After work the faithful to prayer, only the prescribed prayers should be recited. During prayer, proper clothing, as well as the calculated gestures of kneeling and bowing, is imperative. Otherwise, the prayers s aid are regarded as void, and the believer is required to repeat the entire prayer from the beginning to the end (Salat Daily Prayers). On the other hand, the Christian religion does not prescribe either form or amount of prayer. No ablutions or washing rituals are needed before a Christian may validly pray to God.Christian texts much(prenominal) as the Holy Bible, offer suggested passages and prayers, but do not require strict compliance. The religion focuses mainly on the believers sincerity and not necessarily his words (Schirrmacher 2). Thus, Christians can use various forms of prayer such as dance, music, whether accompanied or not by lyrics, meditation, or through the use of artistic skills such as painting or sculpture. Another distinction in the prayer policies of both religions is the purpose of prayer. Although both Muslim and Christian prayer invokes the aid of an Almighty being, their prayers aim to bring about different goals.The believers of Allah (i. e. , the term Mu slims use to call their God), through all their gestures and prayers, intend to manifest their submission with all humility as a servant, both to his Lord, and to his community (Spengler). Thus, intimate names of God cannot be invoked. Muslim believers regard Allah as solely the Creator and cannot be considered as on equal level with the products of His creation (Schirrmacher 2). Christians, on the other hand, aim to commemorate Jesus Christs sacrifice through the observance (Spengler).Through prayer, Christians intend to express the intimacy of their relationship with God. Hence, they can address God as Father or Abba. These distinctions in prayer their concept of prayer, their rituals in praying, and their goals of prayerillustrate the differentiate prayer policies between the Christian and Muslim religions. While these distinctions set both religions apart, they both worship only one God. They also impose duties and obligations on their believers. Finally, they use prayer to communicate with God.Works Cited Salat Daily Prayers. BBC Religion and Ethics Islam. 09 March 2006. 27 February 2008 Muslims Ask, Christians Answer. 27 February 2008. Schirrmacher, Christine. Christian and Muslim Prayer. World Evangelicals 1-4. World Evangelical Alliance.27 February 2008. Spengler, Oswald. Does Islam have a prayer? Asia Times. 18 May 2004. 27 February 2008 .

Alliance Bank Essay

1. Introduction confederacy assert is peerless(prenominal) of the leading limitory m unrivalledtary institutions in Kazakhstan, and it is the tenth largest swear in terms of pluss in Kazakhstan. Headquartered of the beach be located in Almaty. cashbox is driveing as a universal m bingletary institution in all lines of line, with a primary focus on retail wedgeing and lending to SMEs.JSC attachment confide, has been operating for over 15 years. Recently buzzword has been shadowed by chassis of s coffin naildals, which had a negative effect on its reputation. In February, 2009 the government activity appointed a in the alto give wayher commission team after its key sh atomic number 18holder, SAFC, rejected to support the verify in long-term. During the financial crisis coalition entrust was the first slang to default. By 2010 its debts were restructured and government had to inject 24 jillion KZT on its deposit throwa track in order to save the pious plat itude. Since the restructuring, state-owned National Wellbeing fund Samruk-Kazyna is holding 67% of the lingos shares. In 2012 bail was judged to be stable with a Standard and Poors rating of B-. today adherences long-term credit rating by Standard and Poors is tell at D, together with short-term rating. In 2011 lingo considered talks with European trust for reconstruction and Development regarding the potential sale of its shares. In February 2014 bank has suffered from adept default. Later in February, the banks reputation suffered even more after SMS-attack on three banks al around their default. chemical bond swans mission is to be a reliable partner for eachcustomer and meet the best banking practice.The infrastructure for this statement is banks philosophy of meeting the needs of society as quality financial dish outs. Main principles of banks corporate socialization include classical principles of fairness, trust and apolitical relation. These principles do work as the basis for existence of commercial bank as a social institution, which aims to combine and plug in interests of diametrical groups of people shareholders, employees, customers and partners. The vision of the bank is Look at things in a parvenu way The commits primary business is related to commercial banking activities, granting of loans and guarantees, accepting deposits, exchanging inappropriate currencies, dealing with securities, transferring bully payments, as well as providing former(a) banking function in the country of Kazakhstan. The main goal of the banks activity is to earn income by dint of the provision of banking services, for legal and physical entities, residents and non-residents of Kazakhstan, establishment of direct relate with international institutions for the development of immaterial Relations, improvement and strengthening of business cooperation with foreign organizations.2. External summary mold depth psychologyPESTLE analysis or PEST stands for auditing the alinement bounds rate of flow environment and assessing its potential transforms by looking at the organization from different angles in order to be fracture mooringd than its competitors and make plans for emerging events in terms of responding to the rapid changes in the macro-environment. It contains the factors such(prenominal) as political-legal, economic, socio-cultural, and expert. Considering and appreciation all these factors that influence the business, the information about the risks associated with the web site in the market get out be clarified. Moreover, development the PESTLE analysis, it is possible to maximize opportunities and minimize little terrors for the coalescency Bank. Political-legal forces provide information about the political situation in the country and current legislations that regulate the industry. transmission linees can be affected by many aspects of government policy. In particular, all businesses must comply with the law. They must also consider the impact of any coming(a) legislation on their operations. This may require taking action before the legislation comes into effect. at present a political factor,which would affect Kazakhstani banks, and in particular bail bond Bank, is the Ukrainian political instabilities. Russia and Ukraine ease up enceinte political relations, and it leads to trade barriers as well. As Kazakhstan is a member of Custom Union, of course, any instability in Russia could influence Kazakhstani market as well. As an modeling, recent devaluation of Russian Ruble will ferment very negative effects in both Kazakhstan and Belarus Republic. This instability might lead to declining on the foreign initiatements to alinement Bank that they were recently asking from London creditors. Also on the 26th of December 2012 the death chair of the Republic of Kazakhstan signed the Law About Modification and Additions in Some Acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan con cerning the Taxation. iodine of the amendments to the law says that from the January 1st, 2014 the conscientious levypayers may postpone paying the accrued tax liability for not more than 3 years without having any collateral or fund for restricted cash. It will care the alinement Bank to save the amount of money in the current period in order to invest it if needed in some other activities. Economic forces focus on the prevalent economic factors. Evaluating one of them which is the norm periodical net income in Kazakhstan, the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstans Statistics provides the following data in March 2010 the average monthly wage is equal to 72 000 KZT, in March 2011 the amount is 87 000 KZT, in February 2012 it is presented as 92 000 KZT, and in February 2013 it has increased to 98 736 KZT. Such a picture of the wage growth is very positive and beneficial for the Alliance bank beca utilization the bigger amount of clients is willing deposit their money to bank acc ounts. some other not less important economic factor to consider is the rising prices rates. harmonise to the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstans Statistics, in 2011 the splashiness rate in Kazakhstan was 7.4%, in 2012 it was 6%, and in 2013 it decreased to 4.6%. collectable to recent devaluation of Kazakh Tenge, the forecast of inflation in 2014 is going to increase. The increase of inflation rates will lead to increase in interest rates, which will decrease the number of clients of the bank. Another important economic factor is GDP per capita in Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan government is putting a huge permit to improve the lifestyle and living conditions of its people. The government set two crucial strategies Strategy2030 and Strategy2050. concord to these strategies, Kazakhstan must be listed among the essential countries of theworld. peerless of the requirements of these strategies is raising GDP per capita. According to Dosayev, the GDP per capita will bowl over to $14,6 00 and it is expected to reach to $24,000 in 2018. Accordingly, the productions of the bank will become more popular among the population. Social forces are the next. In this expression they may be presented as demographic trends.Population of Kazakhstan for the 1st of March 2013 has increased by 1.4%, harmonize to the report of the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstans Statistics. Nowadays it is more than 17 million people who are living in the territory of Kazakhstan. Actually, the parvenu migration policy for oralmans (people whose historical say to live was Kazakhstan), and people who amaze to the cities from urban areas is a dear advantage for the bank. The President of the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstans Statistics Alikhan Smailov noted that the average life expectancy in 2014 will be at the age of 70. According to the data for 2012 it was less and the actual number of years was 69 per person. Technology is another very important use of salutarys and services in banks internal control mechanisms as well as services offered by them. with the use of technology tonic products and services are adduced. It includes technological aspects such as R&D activity, automation, technology incentives and the rate of technological change. Some of the technological changes which brought radical changes in banking industry in Kazakhstan, and especial(prenominal) in Alliance Bank are described below Automated Teller Machine (ATM)The in vogue(p) developments in terms of technology in computer and telecommunication rush encouraged the bank to change the concept of start banking to anywhere banking. The use of ATM and Internet banking has allowed anytime, anywhere banking facilities.IT gains & Mobile BankingToday banks of Kazakhstan are also using SMS and Internet as a major tool of promotion and self-aggrandizing great utility to its customers. For example, SMS functions through simplex text sums sent from your mobile phone.Technology advancement has changed the sheath of traditional banking formations, it is even offering 24/7 banking even faster and secured service.Alliance bank decidedly should look after all technological changes in banking industry both within Kazakhstan and on internationalist level, becauseit really matters, and stigmatise service of the bank.Porters Five ForcesThe Kazakhstan banking arrangement has ownd many difficulties in recent years, as well as huge growth. Last year was marked by the no-hit completion of the restructuring of debts of the three largest banks in the Republic of Kazakhstan BTA Bank, Temirbank and Alliance Bank, which defaulted in 2009. Nevertheless, Kazakhstans banks currently operate in a very challenging external and internal environment which of course could reflect their financial stability, way of development in future years and their ability to find new appropriate business models. Kazakhstans banking system suffered due to a liquidity crisis less than its peers (e.g. Uk raine, Kyrgyzstan). Measures of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan to maintain stability of the banking system and the infusion of funds into the capitals largest banks, had its effect not one bank in Kazakhstan has not been declared bankrupt, the investors could easily withdraw their funds, at that place were no signs of the banking panic among the population. So, the main current advantage of Kazakhstans banking system is the stability which is a very serious and necessary feature at the Commonwealth of fencesitter States.Threat of New EntrantsBanking industry deals with other peoples money and financial information new banks find it difficult to start up. Due to the nature of the industry, people are more willing to place their trust in big name, well known, major banks who they consider to be trustworthy. The banking industry has undergone a integration in which major banks seek to serve all of customers financial needs under their roof. This consolidation furthers the role of trust as a barrier to entry for new banks looking to compete with major banks, as consumer are more likely to allow one bank to hold all their accounts and service their financial needs. Ultimately the barriers to entry are relatively low for the banking industry. While it is nearly impossible for new banks to record the industry offering the trust and full range of services as a major bank, it is evenhandedly easy to percipient up a smaller bank operating on the regional level. openhanded financial resources are needed in order to open own bank and enter on the financial market. Authorized capitalmust be 5 billion Tenge, except other expenses (advertising campaigns, open own office, purchasing equipment and software etc.)Power of SuppliersCapital is the primary resource on any bank and there are four major suppliers (various other suppliers like fees contri excepte to a lesser degree) of capital in the industry. Customer depositsMortgages and loansMortgage-baked se curitiesLoans from other financial institutionsBy utilizing these four major suppliers, Alliance bank can be sure that they name the necessary resources required to service their customers borrowing needs while maintaining comme il faut capital to meet withdrawal expectations. The power of the suppliers is largely based on the market, their power is often considered to waver between medium to high. Suppliers for Bank are depositors and shareholders. Alliance Bank is interested in attracting outstanding depositors and lede shareholder. The main pur specifys are correct invest invested fundsto ensure payments under the deposits and the sharesto make up possessors operating expensesto get a certain profitPower of BuyersThe individual doesnt pose a lot of a terror to the banking industry, but one major factor affecting the power of buyers is relatively high switching be. If a person has one bank that services their banking needs, mortgage, savings, checking, etc, it can be a huge hassle for that person to switch to another bank. Alliance Bank has 2 million customers who have a bargaining power and can switch to any other bank due to banks current situation.Availability of SubstitutesSome of the banking industrys largest threats of substitution are not from jibe banks but from non-financial competitors. The industry does not suffer any real threat of substitutes as far as deposits or withdrawals, however insurances, mutual funds, and fixed income securities are some of the manybanking services that are also offered by non-banking companies. As Alliance bank primarily offers commercial banking services, it does not suffer any threat of substitutes.Competitive RivalryThe banking industry is considered highly competitive. The financial services industry has been around for hundreds of years, and just about everyone who needs banking services already has them. Because of this, banks must attempt to lure clients away from competitor banks. They do this by offeri ng lower financial support, higher rates, investment services, and greater conveniences than their rivals. There are two monster banks in Kazakhstan, Kazkommertsbank and Halyk Bank, which hold 18% and 19% of total asset of Kazakhstani market, whereas Alliance bank holds altogether 4%. Therefore, the above mentioned banks are the competitive rivalry of the Alliance banks services.3. Internal analysis swot analysisThe key factor in the banks strategic planning is SWOT-analysis. SWOT-analysis methodological analysis suggests first, to identify the internal strengths and weaknesses of the friendship as well as the external opportunities and threats, and secondly, to establish connections between them. The SWOT-analysis of Alliance Bank is described below.StrengthsWeaknessesSupport of Samruk-KazynaYears of experienceExtensive branch networkExtensive getting network (ATMs, cash-in ATMs, POS-terminals) Innovative technologiesProfessional bank solicitudeBrand name recognition (recent rumors about bank default)Low-speed service with a large flow of clientsLow-level promotion of banking productsShrinking loan portfolioOpportunitiesThreatsThe tenth largest bank in terms of assets in KazakhstanDevelopment of technology (Online banking, fingerprints)Geographic expansionLong-term partnerships with major companies cover charge new demands of current customersExpand the customer basePublicly traded on KASECustomer dissatisfaction with new banking productsincrease competitionUnstable economy of the country (possibility of a financial crisis, devaluation of the local currency, inflation) Changing legal and tax provisionsThe possibility of clients defaultChange in oil pricesIncreased regulation of capital requirementsStrengths of Alliance bank are the characteristics of the business that give it an advantage over the competitors. These characteristics may include personnel, finance, and manufacturing capabilities and so on. Weaknesses are the attributes resources that work against a successful outcome. Strengths and weaknesses are internal attributes and the confederacy can use its strengths to liquidate the weaknesses. For instance, Alliance Bank JSC has an extensive branch network including 19 branches and 106 cash offices in 51 cities and rural settlements of the Republic of Kazakhstan. They can use their extensive branch and acquiring network to increase the level of promotion of banking products in cities and rural areas. Another example is to use the innovative technology to deal with low-speed service when there is a large flow of clients. The bank could automatize its operations. Opportunities are the external factors the business can capitalize on or use to its advantage. Alliance bank has an opportunity to expand geographicalalally to new markets. For instance, Kazkommertsbank has branches in different countries of Central Asian region, which allows them to expand their customer base and increase their profits. Threats are the external f actors that could jeopardize the business.External factors may includemacro-economic factors, technological changes, legislation and socio-cultural changes as well as changes in the market place or in competitive position. For example, due to the recent devaluation of KZT in February, 2014 Alliance Bank customers withdrew 55 billion KZT in two weeks from the moment of the announcement of the devaluation. As explained to the bankers, since the beginning of the National Banks announcement of the devaluation in the period from 11 to 17 February, investors withdrew 25 billion KZT from their accounts. And after the SMS-attack, in the period from 18 to 21 February, another 30 billion were withdrawn from the bank. This amounted to one third of the deposit base. Conducted SWOT analysis helps to analyze how our Company proceeds and what kind of opportunities and strengths we have, additionally, it helps to identify what threats and weaknesses we have.One of the basic strength of our company is experience that we have in banking industry. Alliance Bank is supported by SamrukKazyna fund, which is trust-worthy fund. Another strength is extensive branch network, which allows bank to operate in 51 cities and rural areas of Kazakhstan. Due to recent financial problems, bank is stressful its best to deal with these kinds of strengths in order to overcome financial distress and possibility of new technological default. Recapitalization of bank by the government resulted in injection of 24 billion KZT. SamrukKazyna owns today 67% of shares of the bank, and bank is looking for opportunities of finding capital investors in order to buy shares of the bank.VRIO analysisThe VRIO Analysis is an analytical technique which for each type of resource considers the following questions (evaluation dimension) for an organization as well as for its competitors. In practice, the VRIO analysis is also used in combination with other analytical techniques to help organisational management pri se business resources in a more detailed view. For financial resources, there are many detailed financial indicators that evaluate the financial condition or performance of the business from different perspectives. Likewise, humanresources, property or information are other detailed indicators of their performance, efficiency or quality. The advantage of a VRIO analysis is its ease and clarity.Value ChainProduct DevelopmentAlliance Bank has two primary product offerings in-person banking and commercial banking. Commercial banking is the largest of these, comprising more than half of the banks portfolio. Commercial blends are segmented by business size and feature a combination of accounts, credit cards, lines of credit, merchant services and cash/investment management services. Personal banking blends are segmented by customer age and include services such as checking and savings accounts and credit cards. Product Support SuppliersAlliance Bank leverages and backs up its products with hedging instruments in order to maintain a stable financial base. This involves in-house development of a diversified portfolio, market analysis of deposit versus lending activities as well as the purchase of risk-hedging tools to back itslending products. However they have to increase the efficiency of their product development. MarketingAlliance Bank has differentiated itself within the crowded guinea pig of commercial banking through its marketing and brand-building efforts, steadfastly emphasizing customer service andalso reframing theirs as a retail organization. Alliance Bank has established a brand strongly. Over the past years, Alliance Bank has invested hard in rebuilding a brand image which was negatively affected during the financial crisis on 2009. Alliance promotes itself as an innovative, customer friendly retailer of financial products and services whose aim is to connect with the public on an individual level. They have pursued this strategy through more tra ditional (TV, radio, brochures, newspapers and billboard) campaigns. Sales and ServiceService is a critical differentiator for a community bank because most financial products are homogeneous. It therefore makes sense that Alliance has made unsurpassed service a key strategy company-wide. much like Alliances efforts at creating a community atmosphere, this strategy could be easily replicated by other banks. Here Allianceis afforded at least a competitive parity.Information Technology and tender-hearted ResourcesHuman Resource Development and Information Technology are two underlying segments of Alliances note value chain that support all their other lines of business. For its part, ITs strategic relevance is limited by the simple fact that most banking platforms are acquired from third-parties due to their huge development and support costs. These platforms tend to constrain service because they are geared more towards security and stabilityfor obvious authorsthan flexibility. I T is therefore generally a threat to Alliances quest to provide innovative banking solutions. HR, on the other hand, is a strategic asset that Alliance continually employs to support their unique service culture. HR has successfully managed the organizations culture via a variety of methods ongoing employee development/training programs, astute hiring practices, etc.4. Recommendation (Corporate Strategy)Before devising the recommendation concerning the Corporate Strategy, the profound analysis of the Company overview was made. Because of devaluation in Kazakhstan, the company is on the stage of technical default. Meantime, the financial sector in Kazakhstan is very vulnerable and some of the banks situation is becoming even worse. Alliance Bank is looking for new opportunities to get out of this situation. According to Madina Abdina, the head of Almaty branch of Alliance Bank, the bank is looking for investors to do restructure. This activity will save the bank from the bankruptcy. According to Banking Report of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Alliance Bank holds only 4% of total asset of Kazakhstani market. It means that Alliance Bank is not as big as Halyk Bank or Kazkommertsbank. Nevertheless, the company managers and employees doing their best to save their bank. One of the most optimal recommendations during this period would be to restructure the bank. When the bank returns the previous position, then it could look at other opportunities, which we will offer. We will recommend the bank to apply growth strategies. First is, through concentration strategy.The company can launch new services within the business or expand its business through expanding its geographic locations. We will talk about this issue later in this part. The first recommendation is that Alliance Bank should sign a strategical Alliance with markets giants Kazkommertsbank or Halyk Bank. According to Banking Report of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Kazkommertsbank and Halyk Bank hold 18% and 1 9% respectively. This would be a good bump for Alliance bank to expand its business and to have new customers, but they should offer a good proposal to those banks. Another recommendation is offering new service as a product development. According to Forbes, Insurance is one of the most profitable businesses. Of course, there are many insurance companies in Kazakhstan, but according to the World Bank, life insurance still has not developed in Kazakhstan. Therefore, Alliance Bank can open an insurance company under the financial sector. The next recommendation relates to concentration strategy. The use of goods and services of a concentration strategy is to provide a singular focus to the product line, and the market in which the company chooses to compete.The concentration strategy may be approached through market development or product development. In the case of Alliance bank, we recommend to concentrate onmarket development through geographic expansion. In todays rapidly global izing economy, a well-planned and properly managed geographic expansion can help a business reduce costs, gain access to new markets and fuel the companys future growth. In his article The Effects of Geographic Expansion on Bank Efficiency, Berger and DeYoung note that geographic expansion may allow scale or scope efficiencies that reduce costs or lift revenues. Linking branches, ATMs, and back-office facilities over a larger geographic area may yield network economies. A more geographically broad institution may also be better able to serve business customers that have many locations, and may have a broader menu of potential new investment opportunities away(p) its home market. As we can see, there are numerous advantages of geographic expansion.In case of Alliance bank, it can open its branches in neighboring Central Asian countries, like Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Known to all, those countries are the least developed countries in the region and Alliance bank is able to introduc e many new things to these markets. The products and services that are not highly accepted in Kazakhstan due to a big number of good banks in this region can have a greater success in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. The main reason is that the banking system is not highly developed in those countries and there is a lack of good banks there. The example of a Kazakhstani bank that expanded geographically is Kazkommertsbank. It already has its successfully operating branches in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and the Russian Federation. Alliance bank has the same potential to succeed by geographic expansion. In the long term, Alliance Bank can expand to other regions of the world, access new markets and grow in the future.5. Recommendation (Business Strategy)Due to rapid development of technology, Alliance bank can use an opportunity of creating a more developed SMS-banking system. SMS-banking is type of mobile banking, which allows customers to operate selected banking services over their mobile ph ones using SMS-messaging. Alliance Bank already had implemented internet banking. Still, it is not widely used among its customers due to inconvenience of usage. Bank has to promote its online banking system and SMS-banking very actively so that customers get to know the services of bank. By developing the SMS-banking, Alliance Bank will have a chance to compete with its rivals, differentiate its services from otherbanks, which do not have internet-banking and SMS-banking yet. SMS-banking is well developed in international banks, as well as in Kazakhstan. One of the banks that use this system is Kazkommertsbank. Thus, Alliance Bank can differentiate its services by using one more feature to its customers. SMS-banking is very trustful, safe practical lotion that allows doing following operationsBalance enquiry record requestFund transfer to account numberFund transfer to mobile number authentic exchange rates information deposit interest ratesBank could spread new offerings, i.e. d o mobile marketing through the SMS-banking, which allows decreasing the amount of funds spent for marketing. Bank could also use one of the latest tools against cyber-fraud One-time word. OTPs are requested each time customer wants to perform transactions. Once password is used, it expires. Most of SMS-banking solutions are add-on products, which work on banks existing platform. Today, however, some companies develop independent applications that allow using SMS-banking. For instance, Alliance bank has access to SMS banking application for Apple products. The problem with this application is that it is only available for Apple products and also it is not easy to use. Ratings of users remain very low. There is one more application available for android system, called Handpay. This application, however, is also not easy to use, requires high speed of internet. pay is only withdrawn for SMS-requiries sent to the bank. However, customers do not find it useful. Therefore, we suggest d eveloping a new platform for the bank. Firstly, it will increase the safety of operations for customers. Secondly, it will allow bank to charge customers with monthly fee (200 KZT for example), which is additional source of income.Thirdly, it will allow bank to spread information about new products without spending money for advertisement (through pull messages). Another business strategy recommendation for Alliance Bank is to introduce a new service pension accounts. This is very convenient service for Alliance Bank subscribes because their long term clients will stay with their bank even during pension period. This service gives an opportunity for pensioners to get their pensions and make othertransactions with the same account. Alliance Bank should think about new activities which differentiate them from their competitors. One of such activities is launching pension cards for free. Another activity which our team recommends to Alliance Bank is that the bank should offer pensione rs to buy or order Internet transactions with lowest possible rate. pension off accounts will give Alliance Bank and additional opportunity to expand its network. 6. Recommendation (Functional strategy)The structural strategy of the bank should be based on both recommendations on corporate and business strategies that our team offered. distinct departments in the bank, such as Human Resource, R&D, Marketing and write up/Finance realize serviceable strategy. The main aim of functional strategy is to assure that corporate and business strategies implemented by the bank are successful. Alliance Bank should implement following activities for each of the above-mentioned departmentsCorporate StrategyBusiness StrategyStrategy/ DepartmentStrategic compactInsurance CompanyGeographic expansionSMS Banking subvention accountMarketingThink of appropriate way to deliver this message to customers omen efficiency of these alliance put on Push marketingThink of appropriate way to enter insuran ce market practise Pull marketingContact local advertising agency to plan their marketing campaign for submission new market Use Pull marketingThink of appropriate way to deliver this message to customers Use Push marketingThink of appropriate way to deliver this message to existing clients Use PushmarketingH&RSelect new manager for executive position carry new personnel for new companySelect and send their specialiser to the new market carry new local people for different positionsTrain the local personnelHire appropriate IT specialistTeach marketing team the usage of the technologyAssign a team from existing supplyR&DMake research before the implementation of allianceMonitoring the efficiency of alliance expert leaderResearch about current market on insurance industryTechnological followerResearch on the situation of the banking industry in Tajikistan & Kyrgyzstan Technological leaderResearch sms-banking application and find the most appropriate and easy to use Technological fol lowerTechnological followerAccounting/FinanceCreate pro-forma statementFind the most appropriate investorsFind the ways to minimize the costs of opening the new business Calculate the future profits of the companyConsider the opportunity of debt financing versus equity financing Find the ways to minimize the costs of opening the new business Calculate the future profits of the companyCreate pro-forma statementCreate pro-forma statement7. ImplementationAccording to our recommendations, Alliance Bank should introduce 1) Strategic alliance with Kazkomertsbank and Halyk Bank, 2) Introducing insurance company, 3) Geographic expansion under corporate strategy. Additionally, there were some more recommendations under the business strategy such as SMS banking and pension account. Accordingly these new activities and businesses will change organizational structure of Alliance Bank and may introduce new management strategy. For signing Strategic Alliance, the bank itself will be responsible f or all documentations. As for introducing insurance company, the company will have another division with responsible management. This would be the example of divisional type of organizational structure. In case of opening Alliance Banks branches in Tajikistan or Kyrgyzstan, the company should have a new managerial position with all functional areas in both countries.Here, Alliance Bank showing the geographic type of organizational structure. General passenger car of both country branches will plangency to CEO of company in Kazakhstan. As about introducing SMS banking, the Engineering Manager and R&D Manager will be responsible for launching this service. When this service starts operating, a new manager should coordinate this service. In case of pension account, a new manager under the CEO of Alliance Bank will be assigned. In last two activities Alliance Bank will have the combination of functional and matrix types of organizational structure. It shows that implementing our recom mendations will change the organizational structure of Alliance Bank significantly. 8. ConclusionThe current situation of Alliance Bank makes the managers to think about new strategic plans in order to pass further. The companys external and internal analyses show that company can introduce new activities and businesses which would be profitable for Alliance Bank. Our recommendations are based on analyses of SWOT, VRIO, Value Chain and PESTLE. Alliance Bank should introduce corporate strategies as Strategic Alliance with Kazkommertsbank and Halyk Bank, establishing a new Insurance Company and expanding geographically. Implementation of Strategic Alliance would take 3-5 months establishing an insurance company would take 3-4 years and geographic expansion would take much longer 4-5 years. Alliance bank should introduce business strategies as SMS-banking and pension accounts.Development of the SMS-banking would take 1 year and the development of pension accounts would take 3-4 years . To successfully implement the corporate and business strategies, Alliance bank should involve all the departments of its company. Therefore, Alliance bank should have a good functional strategy. This would include exponentiation of Marketing, Human Resource, Research and Development, and Finance and Accounting departments. Overall, by summing up all those strategies we developed recommendations for Alliance bank which includes usage of corporate and business strategies in different situations as this would help a company to come up from the technical default and improve its current financial situation.9. ReferencesBerger, A. N. & DeYong, R. (n.d.). The Effects of Geographic Expansion on Bank Efficiency. Journal of Financial Services Research. Retrieved from http//www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/feds/2001/200103/200103pap.pdf Biery , M. E. (2013). The Most Profitable Businesses to Start. Forbes. 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