Universal Preschool Essay Example for Free

normal Pre check EssayIn the Spring of the 2006/2007 work year, Hillary Clinton made a pinch to a Miami Beach elementary school where she tool student and the press that, As president, I go away establish usual pre-kindergarten fosterageso that every four-year-old churl in America tin examine a giving medication-funded preschool ( moth miller, 2007, p. 48).Although this proclamation whitethorn seem somewhat odd given any of the challenges currently face Americas man education transcription, the reality is that support and momentum for universal preschool programs has increased dramatically in recent years while more political and community leaders pushing for government sponsored universal preschool programs. With the realization the universal preschool programs pull in become such an important issue for the phylogeny of American public education, there is a direct impetus to examine the current reasons for such storied changes in attitudes toward these program s.Using this as a basis for investigation, this research seeks to picture a more integral correspondence of the reasons for universal preschool programs and the benefits and drawbacks of these proposals. This research concludes with a discussion of who should pay for these preschool programs and what steps should be taken to operate that they argon uniformly implemented in all school districts.Literature Review Reasons for Universal PreschoolAlthough the push for the development of universal preschool is not new, a critical examine of the current interest in the pillowcase of shoal suggests that there argon a myriad of reasons as to why policymakers and educators are aggressively pursing policies to develop these programs. With this in mind, it is important to run a comprehensive limited review of the current literature by examining the wide picture of reasons that have been offered for the development of these programs.By examining the reasons behind the current push for u niversal preschool programs, it volition be achievable to demonstrate why these programs have become so popular in recent years. Ashford (2007) in her review of the popularity of universal preschool programs argues that these programs have become so important in recent years because of consistent info which suggests that historied achievement gaps in the current education system conduct to persist.As continueed by this author, The growing recognition that efforts to reduce the achievement gap moldiness start way before children record kindergarten is driving a renewed interest in universal preschool (p. 22). Ashford goes on to report that the achievement gaps that march in the early levels of elementary education often persist over the course of the childs education. Thus, alleviating these gaps is essential for improving outcomes for student achievement and educational success.Dellinger, Osorio and Hybner (2007) in their review of universal preschool programs also report t hat educators are now widely supporting the mover toward this educational paradigm. As reported by these authors, Claiming that its ask to help boost early test dozens to meet NCLBs testing requirements, teachers unions are urging states to propose costly preschool programs, pushing more toddlers into classrooms (p. 17).Dellinger and coworkers go on to report that the mandates set forth in low the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) legislation have aimd so much insistency on educators to ensure accomplishment outcomes for students that many educators now believe that universal preschool is the most salient government agency to help bolster learning outcomes and provide the support learned for students to perform well on NCLB assessments. In addition to the fact that educators now believe that universal preschool is imperative for improving outcomes of order tests required down the stairs NCLB, Dellinger, et al. (2007) except report that current entropy on academic outcomes for children enrolled in preschool programs suggests that these programs can have meaningful ramifications for improving long-term student achievement.According to these authors, studies demonstrate that four-year-olds benefit from high- lineament preschool programs, since those who attend preschool are less belike to need special-education classes or to drop out of school, and they are more likely to graduate from high school (p. 9). Thus, providing universal preschool programs will have marked benefits for ensuring the long-term success of all students enrolled in the public school system. Additionally, Zigler and Finn-Stevenson (2007) report that current problems with the American education system have been traced to the lack of prime(a) and uniformity in preschool programs that are currently in place in the US.As noted by these scholars A major(ip) national problem is that we have no system in place o oversee the learning environments of young children before school entry. Rathe r, we have a mix of fragmented services, some providing lead off-day preschool and others all-day, year-round child care for children whose parents are working. Multiple funding streams support the programs, and a variety of provider scenes exist Of import is the general lack of quality that characterizes this nonsystem and the fact that the majority of preschool children attend child care programs that are of misfortunate or mediocre quality (p. 176).What this efficaciously suggests is that with no uniform standards in place, children are not receiving the similar quality of preschool education. The development and performance of a universal preschool program would help alleviate many of these disparities. Further, get (2007) argues that the impetus to develop and implement a universal preschool system stems from the global changes that are occurring in the context of the job market. According to Tucker, the US is currently not able to postulate with other countries such a s China and Japan when it comes to well educated workforces.Given that labors must compete for jobs in both a national and international context, providing students with the education competitive advantage that they need to secure jobs is essential not scarcely for the well being and livelihood of the individual, but also for the successful development of the US economy. Thus, providing universal preschool would provide students with a competitive advantage for workforce development which would enable the US to compete more uniformly with other industrialized nations.Other scholars have also considered the importance of preparing students to compete in the modern workforce. In particular one author reports that the achievement gaps between students in the US and students in foreign countries continue to grow because the US education system does not provide the right tools and supports for ensuring that students have the skills needed to compete with students from other countries (P reparing todays, 2007).While this author reports that there are a host of changes that must be made to improve the quality and context of education offered in the US, the development and implementation of quality universal preschool programs is viewed as a central tenet for ensuring better outcomes for American students (Preparing todays, 2007).Benefits of Universal PreschoolWith a basic review of the reasons spurring the development of universal preschool programs provided, it is now possible to consider the boilersuit benefits that have been reported through the use of these programs. One scholar examining a recent study released from the stinting Policy Institute reports that a study of uniform preschool programs for 3 and 4-year-olds provide cost benefit outcomes that can be seen in less than 10 years after implementation (States draw off, 2007). These programs will in turn save states, not to mention the national government, billions of dollars spanning several decades (p. 7) . The Economic Policy Institute further found that the turn around time for benefits is much faster in some cases in universal preschool programs developed in Connecticut for example, the program pays off immediately, within one year of implementation (States reap, 2007).Hoff (2007) also attempts to provide some insight into the pecuniary benefits that can be garnered though the development and implementation of universal preschool programs. As reported by this author, The nation would reap more than twice the cost of wide-scale borrowing of effective pre-K-12 educational interventions, resulting in a gain of $45 billion from increased tax revenues and lessen mixer costs over the lifetime of high school graduates (p. 5).Although this data makes it difficult to quantify the ad hoc returns that could be acquired through the implementation of new pre-Kindergarten programs, this data does indicate that when comprehensive pre-Kindergarten are included in public education, the total cost savings for educational services across the entire scope of public education can be markedly reduced. Another potential benefit of universal preschool that has been reported in the literature is the ability of these programs to help alleviate long-term social and economic problems for children.Specifically, Duncan, Ludwig and Magnuson (2007) argued that for disadvantaged children, preschool programs can provide the support needed to reduce the impact of poverty. As reported by these authors, the preschool environment is one that is typically positive and markedly different from the one that children from poor, urban neighborhoods experience. This positive experience during early childhood, when the cognitive, behavioral and social development of the child is taking place can have a marked impact on the child, creating a solid foundation for academic success.Students living in poverty that experience this type of success in education will be more successful and less likely to p erpetuate the musical rhythm of poverty over the long-term. Drawbacks of Universal Preschool Despite the fact that there is ample evidence which suggests that both financial and academic benefits can be garnered from the development and implementation of universal preschool programs, Buchanan (2007) notes that there are some notable drawbacks when it comes to securing the funding for these programs.As reported by this author the cost of development universal preschool programs can be quite expensive, especially for school districts whose budgets are already stretched thin. In an effort to deal with this issue, Buchanan reports that 23 of the 42 states the currently have lottery programs in place have earmarked lottery monies for the development of new educational programs. While this gamble can provide needed funding for the development of new preschool programs, Buchanan asserts that utilizing lottery pecuniary resource represents a notable gamble and there is no guarantee that t he funding source will tarry stable over the long-term.In addition to the funding challenges that exist with respect to universal preschool programs, Jacobson (2007) reports that current efforts to encounter the long-term impact of preschool programs indicates mixed results overall. Specifically, this author notes the results of Goldwater Institute study which demonstrated that reading and math scores for 3rd graders who had been in preschool or full-day kindergarten were high than those for students who had not been in such programs. But by the time the children who had attended full-day kindergarten or preschool reached 5th grade, their scores were comparable to those of other students (p. 3).What this effectively suggests is that while universal preschool may provide some short-term gains for academic achievement, there is no evidence which suggests these gains will be well-kept over the long-term. Finally, Miller (2007) argues that developing universal preschool programs wil l not resolve the current educational gaps that are prevalent in Americas system of public education. According to this author, On recent standardized language tests, fourth graders finished north of the 70th percentile, topping their peers in 26 of 35 countries (p. 48).Miller asserts that while this clearly suggests that there is room for improvement, larger gaps in education occur later in the educational system, suggesting that improving middle and high school education programs would have move value for effectively reducing the achievement gap. Miller asserts that early elementary education in the US does not need further support for achieving improved academic outcomes for students. Funding for Universal Preschool The final issue that must be addressed in the context of this investigation is funding for universal preschool.A cursory overview of the current data on funding for universal preschool suggests that efforts to providing funding in this area should come from state and federal governments. Levin and Schwartz (2007)in his review of current preschool education programs notes that there are two segments of the population that currently receive support for preschool education wealthy students whose parents can afford preschool education and children that live below the poverty line and qualify for federally funded preschool programs such as head start.For families that have incomes that fall within the national average (approximately $42,000 annually) annoy to affordable, quality preschool is not possible. Thus, providing funding for all children through government programs appears to be the most salient means to ensure that all students have access to the uniform, quality preschool. Due to the fact that the development of universal preschool programs would require the incorporation of these programs into existing school districts, state governments would bear the most financial responsibility for these programs.However, as reported by Ashford (2007 ) the federal government could provide grant monies to offset the costs of universal preschool programs and ease the financial burdens that these programs may place on less affluent states. Similar funding structures are currently in place for Childrens Health Insurance Programs (CHIP) which provide free or low-cost health instance for children and teenagers. Although this type of funding scheme has been widely supported by proponents of universal preschool, other methods of funding for these types of preschool programs have been proposed as well.Witte (2007) in his review of the specific programs that should be used for funding universal preschool argues that a voucher system should be used in order to ensure that children from low income and middle class families have access to and can receive a quality preschool education. Under this proposed voucher system, Witte notes that students that are unable to afford preschool would be given vouchers by the state to attend the preschool of their choice.This type of program would help ensure that the state and federal governments could reduce the overall cost of burden of developing and maintaining universal preschool programs for all students. Additionally under this program, families from higher socioeconomic backgrounds would be required to help defray the costs of their childs preschool education. Conclusion Synthesizing all of the data provided in this investigation, it becomes evident that the push for universal preschool has been supported by educators, policymakers and parents all across the unite States.Despite what appears to be widespread support for these programs however, research does indicate that there are some notable drawbacks which continue to limit the efficacy and development of these programs. In addition to the fact that universal preschool programs carry with them immense costs, research on these programs suggests that the benefits of universal preschool may be significantly limited over th e long-term. Given the concrete barriers that exist when it comes to developing universal preschool programs, it is easy to understand why these programs have not become part of federal policy on public education.The challenges that modern students face in terms of both conflict educational standards and competing with students from other countries clearly warrants changes to improve public education. While current research suggests that universal preschool may provide some support for improving overall educational outcomes, the reality is that only time will tell if these programs are able to maintain their popularity. As costs increase and funding for these programs becomes an issue, policymakers, parents and taxpayers will have to make critical choices about the efficacy of these programs and their importance for improving public education.

Vikki and Tim decide to meet with a mortgage lender Essay Example for Free

Vikki and Tim decide to meet with a mortgage lender EssayVikki Rocco, (age 26) has been living in her apartment for three years. Her savings system is well nonionized and she feels comfortable round the progress she is making with her fiscal goals. Her credit card balance is now gainful in full monthly. She is continuing to save more than 10% of her gross salary in her 401(k) architectural plan and she stay within budget. After dating for two years, she is engaged to Tim Treble (age 28), and they are planning to be married in nine months. Because they want to buy a house within the next 2 or 3 years, Vikki and Tim decide to meet with a mortgage lender to determine how large of a mortgage they will be able to afford an what they need to save. The mortgage lender asks them both questions about their finances that they hadnt yet considered. Although Vicky feel comfortable with the questions, Tim is nervous when he forced to take a closer look at his finances. He discovers that h e has much more debt than he realized. Vikki and Tims financial statistics are shown below Assets Liabilities Checking Account *$10,500 (Vikki), $4,000 (Tim)Including their emergency funds scholar Loan $9,000 Credit machined Balances (Tim) Car $2,500 (Vikki), $15,000 (Tim) 401 (k) balance $25,000 (Vikki), $8,000 (Tim) Income Monthly Expenses Gross Annual Salary $50,000 (Vikki) $48,000 (Tim) After-Tax Monthly Salary $2,917 (Vikki) $2,800 (Tim) Rent $750 (Vikki), $450 (Tim) Food $250 (Vikki), $350 (Tim) Student Loan $250 Credit Card Payment $300 (Tim) Entertainment-$300 Wedding Expenses $500 Gas/Repairs $350 (combined) loneliness Savings 401 (k) Vikki $500 per month, summing up 50% employer match on first 7% of pay. Tim $400 per month, plus 50% match on first 8% of pay

Coffea arabica Essay Example for Free

genus genus Coffea arabica EssayI. A. about(predicate) the Industry umber is a brewed beverage with a distinct aroma and flavor, prep bed from the whacked seeds of the Coffea plant. A chocolate tree plant is usually a bush or small tree that grows to 10-12 feet (although it piece of ass grow up to 32 feet) and can produce drinking chocolate berry beans for decades. It can live for surrounded by 60 and 70 years. It can take up to four years for a coffee tree to irritate maturity and bear fruit. The English word coffee originates from the Arabic word kaweh meaning strength or vigor. The seeds are found in coffee cherries, which grow on trees cultivated in over 70 countries, primarily in equatorial Latin America, Southeast Asia, South Asia and Africa. Green (un joined) coffee is one of the approximately traded agricultural commodities in the world. deep brown is slightly acidic (pH 5. 05. 1) and can have a stimulate effect on humans because of its caffeine content. Comme rcial coffee is grown in an area between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn affectionately known as the bean belt. In consecrate for the coffee plant to thrive, it postulate moderate sunshine and rain, porous soil and constant temperatures between 65 and 75?F. Before the coffee bean can be used to make coffee, it has to be roasted. The roast process changes the color of the green coffee beans. First they turn yellow and whence brown. The longer they roast the darker they become. The strongest roasts result in black beans. At the same time, the heat causes changes in the try on and smell of the beans. evocative oils are released that bring out the flavor of coffee. In the nineteenth century, people roasted their coffee at home on their stoves or over open fires. Nowadays, the commercial coffee roasters use enormous ovens to roast the coffee.Temperature and time are carefully controlled, sometimes by computers, because just a few seconds can dramatically change the final flavor of the coffee. The roasting can be done in just a minute. In general, a light roast gives a mild taste, a medium roast produces a wellrounded, rich flavor and aroma and a high roast gives a strong, distinctive flavor. Coffee is one of the most consumed drinks after irrigate. Coffee is one of the most traded commodities in the world after oil. all over 1400 million cups of coffee are drunk around the world each day. The majority of coffee is consumed at breakfast.Coffee berries, which contain the coffee seeds, are produced by several species of small evergreen bush of the genus Coffea. The dickens most commonly grown are also the most highly regarded Coffea arabica, and the robusta form of the hardier Coffea canephora. The latter is resistant to the devastating coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix). Once ripe, coffee berries are picked, processed, and dried. The seeds are then roasted to varying degrees, depending on the desired flavor, before being ground and brewed to create cof fee. Coffee can be prepared and presented in a variety of ways.An important export commodity, coffee was the return agricultural export for twelve countries in 2004, and it was the worlds seventh-largest legal agricultural export by value in 2005. Some controversy is associated with coffee cultivation and its impact on the environment. Consequently, organic coffee is an expanding market. The top 10 coffee-producing countries are Brazil, Ethiopia, Colombia, India, Indonesia, Guatemala , Vietnam, Cote dIvoire, Mexico and Uganda. The emotional and physical benefits of coffee are numerous. Not only does coffee taste good, it can stimulate, relax and refresh the eubstance.Coffee stimulates the senses through its caffeine content which stimulates metabolism and supports mental alerting and concentration. The body absorbs it within 30 minutes, and its positive effects may last 2-5 hours. Coffee relaxes the body because it hydrates it. Because water is the main ingredient in a cup of coff ee, it helps the body work towards its daily water needs and is practically free of calories. Coffee also refreshes the body with its wealth of polyphenols. Polyphenols are nutrients that help maintain the body in good health over time.They are also found in green tea, fruits and cocoa. B. abbreviated History of Coffee The history of coffee goes at least as far back as the thirteenth century. The story of Kaldi, the 9th-century Ethiopian goat herder who discovered coffee while searching for his goats, did non appear in writing until 1671 and is probably apocryphal. From Ethiopia, coffee was said to have spread to Egypt and Yemen. The earliest plausible evidence of either coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee tree appears in the kernel of the fifteenth century, in the Sufi monasteries of Yemen.By the 16th century, it had reached the rest of the Middle East, Persia, Turkey, and Northern Africa. Coffee then spread to Balkans, Italy, and to the rest of europium, to Indonesia, Asia and then to America. Wild coffees energizing effect was likely root discovered in the northeast region of Ethiopia. Coffee cultivation first took place in southern Arabia the earliest thinkable evidence of coffee-drinking appears in the middle of the 15th century in the Sufi shrines of Yemen. In East Africa and Yemen, coffee was used in native religious ceremonies that were in competition with the Christian Church.As a result, the Ethiopian Church forbidden its secular consumption until the reign of Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia. The beverage was also banned in Ottoman Turkey during the 17th century for political reasons and was associated with rebellious political activities in Europe In the Philippines, coffee has a history as rich as its flavor, says the National Coffee maturement Board (NCDB), whose main objective is to develop and promote the Philippine coffee industry through good assistance and credit programs for coffee farms and through marketing and promotions o f coffee for domestic and export markets.History records indicate that the first coffee tree was introduced in Lipa, Batangas in 1740 by a Spanish Franciscan monk. From there, coffee growing spread to other parts of Batangas like Ibaan, Lemery, San Jose, Taal, and Tanauan. Batangas owed much of its wealth to the coffee plantations in these areas and Lipa last became the coffee capital of the Philippines. By the 1860s, Batangas was exporting coffee to America through San Francisco, the NCDB- records. When the Suez Canal was opened, a radical market started in Europe as well.Seeing the success of the Batangenos, Cavite followed suit by growing the first coffee seedlings in 1876 in Amadeo. In spite of this, Lipa still reigned as the center for coffee take in the Philippines and Batangas barako was commanding five times the price of other Asian coffee beans. In 1880, the Philippines was the fourth part largest exporter of coffee beans, and. when the coffee rust hit Brazil, Africa and Java (Indonesia), it became the only source of coffee beans around the world.The coffee rust disease almost wiped it out during the last quarter of the 19th century. Coffee registered a number production of 123, 934 metric tons valued at P6818, 18 million in 1995. Today, however, the Philippines produces only . 012% of the worlds coffee supply. Efforts are being undertaken to revive the industry however, with the majority of coffee produced in the mountain areas of Batangas, Bukidnon, Benguet, Cavite, Kalinga, Apayao, Davao, and Claveria.

Visual Arts of the World Essay Example for Free

Visual Arts of the World EssayVisual liberal artifices ranged from a variety of objects. These ar works of art that ar crafted with visual in nature such(prenominal) as paintings, photography, architecture, filmmaking and engrave. Thus, these pieces of art are primarily meant for visual consumptions. This study depart tackle on woody shapes belonging to two different assimilations the bulol or Ifugao sift god of the Philippines and one of the azoic wooden sculptures of Yoruba Nigeria of Africa. The verbalise art forms will then be examined, analyzed, compared and contrasted. The formal elements or physical appearance of the work will be discussed first and second, its cultural representations and significance. According to the British Council Arts, sculpture is the art or process of creating mimetic or abstract forms, either in the round or in relief. It is a form of art that is being carve either on wood, ivory or any material that the artist fix to do so. Ifugaos are inhabitants of the Central Cordillera in northern Luzon in the Philippines. Their origin is derived from the term Ipugo which means from the mound.According to Ifugao mythology, the name Ifugao is derived from Ipugo which refers to the rice whit given to them by their god Matungulan. Until today, this kind of rice grain is cultivated by the Ifugaos (Sianghio). On the otherwise hand, according to The Africa Guide, Yoruba are people who live in souwest Nigeria and Benin. They have developed a variety of diverse artistic forms which include pottery, weaving, beadwork, metalwork, and mask making. There are more than 401 known Yoruba gods so most of the artworks, which include sculptures, are make in order to respect the gods and ancestorsThe bulol, generally means deity, is specifically a granary idol. It is considered as an effigy of deceased ancestors ( Asiatic Studies 63). In unison to the C. E. Smith Museum of Anthropology, it is carved pitying figurines that is usually made in pairsmale and femaleand are unbroken in the house or granary. Some bulols are standing while some are jack with folded arms (Masferre and de Villa 54). It is an abstract art, according to Alfredo Evangelista of National Museum of the Philippines (1970), because the Ifugao carver talkes his feelings rather than attempts realistic representation.The deformations are results on the stress on the quality of other worldliness or the preternatural. The bulol is the most crucial art form because it embodies the Ifugaos most sacred traditional values (Asian Studies 62). On the contrary, the Yoruba Nigeria sculpture follows the typical form of an African sculpturecylindrical. African wooden sculptures are primarily cylindrical in appearance and are also made of wood. The statues are carved from trunks or branches (Segy 14).According to Frank Willet, the head is very much visualized because the Yoruba believes that it is the seat of ones destiny, therefore it must be symbolically bigger and more grownup than any other part of the body. He has also identified three characteristics of Yoruba sculpture bulging eyes, project lips and simplified ears which can clearly see in the chosen piece. The selected sculpture is not defined whether the art form is a female because the chosen Yoruba sculpture is naked, showing its stout breast or a male, exposing its phallus.Carving a bulol usually takes six weeks to finish and it is accompanied by rituals and dancing. The male and female bulols are carved at the same time (Masferre and de Villa 54). In contrast, the Africans believe that trees are home of spirits so in order to pacify the spirit of the tree, a special ritual is done before the incisive of the tree. The two selected sculptures are both human in forms which mean that the works of art ascribe human characteristics. They are both made of wood.If the bulol is often placed in a granary to protect the harvest, the Yoruba sculpture is used as an adornment and indicates a social status. The chosen works of art have utilitarian and historical kind with the culture of the carver. They are both religious symbols and are accompanied by certain rituals. If bulols are considered as ancestors whose spirits can protect the living (Alvina and Sta. Maria 199), the Yoruba sculpture is a manifestation of the relationship of the African and the spirits of dead members of his family, which is extremely important in their culture.From the cultural background of bulol, it can clearly be seen that Ifugao are farmers. They live in an agricultural area where they primarily rely their lives. On the other hand, the Yoruba sculpture, as a social symbol, indicates that the owner is from a wealthy class, however, it is not clearly indicated or verbalize that the carver is also from a domineering class in their society, thus, the carver can come from the press down class in the society. Those chosen visual arts need to be seen, perceived and judged with an o pen mind.They should not be anchored to the Western standard of defining what is beautiful or what is aesthetically pleasing because they will in spades fail to abide to the Western standard with regards to what is art, which is confined then to fine artspaintings, sculptures of artists that appeal to the senses and emotionspieces that express the Western notion of beauty and portrays realistic figures especially when it comes paintings and sculptures just like how Michelangelo comes up with his David, the famous personation of male beauty (History of Beauty).If the wooden sculptures of Yoruba and Ifugao are anchored to the Western standards and notions of art and beauty, those pieces will then categorically be labeled as primitive due to their irregular proportions and eerie appearance. Illustrations This Yoruba sculpture has originated at Yoruba Nigeria in Africa. It is an anthropomorphic figure and a manifestation of the nexus of the dead African family members to the living. It is a religious and status symbol. It is an early Yoruba sculpture. The artist or carver of the sculpture has not been stated but definitely he belongs to the culture of Yoruba.It is 34. 3 inches or 87 cm tall and made of wood (not specified). . This bulol is one of the forms of a rice godsitting with folded arms. It is usually put in a house or in a granary for protection. It is often carve in pairsa male and a female. It has a length of 6. 5 inches, a width of 6. 5 inches and a height of 24 inches. The artist or carver is not also stated but definitely he is an Ifugao. The sculpture is made of wood (not specified).Works CitedAsian Studies. University of the Philippines Philippine Center for Advanced Studies Philippine Center for Advanced Studies, 1972.Alvina Corazon and Santa Maria Sta. Maria. Halupi. Capital Publishing House, 1989. Gagelonia, Pedro A. elliptical Philippine History. Philippines Far Eastern University Consumers Cooperative Incorporation, 1970. Masferre, E. and Jill Gale de Villa. A Tribute to the Philippine Cordillera. Makati City, Philippines Brier projects, 1999. Perkins, Morgan and Howard Murphy. Anthropology of Art. Oxford Blackwell Publishing, 2006. Segy, Ladislas. African Sculpture. youthful York Dover, 1958. Willet, Frank. African Art An Introduction. Singapore Thames and Hudson, 1971. African People and Culture. The African Guide. 02 December 2008. http//www. africaguide. com/culture/tribes/yoruba. htm. Cutting The Woodcarver. 18 April 1995. Yoruba. Conner, Michael. 02 December 2008. http//www. fa. indiana. edu/conner/yoruba/woodcarver. html History of Beauty. Answers. com. 02 December 2008. http//www. answers. com/topic/beauty Ifugao. Tripod. Sianghio, Christina. 02 December 2008. http//litera1no4. tripod. com/ifugao_frame. html. Sculpture. British Council Art. 02 December 2008. http//www. britishcouncil. org/arts-art-sculpture. htm add up of Illustrations

Leon Battista Albertis Treatise on Architecture

Leon Battista Albertis Treatise on ArchitectureDiscuss Albertis treatise on Architecture in relation to San Andrea in Mantua. In particular, discuss the role of humanistic ism in his work giving c arful tutelage to the question of proportionLeon Battista Alberti (1404-72) was a true Renaissance man. He was a gifted playwright, mathematician and sportsman trained in Law. As the person in charge of the constructions commanded by the Pope, he had the occasion to write hotshot of the expectantest works of the theory of computer architecture De Re Aedificatoria (On Building). Most of it was completed in 1452 and printed in 1485.In the Ten books of the Art of Building Alberti has explained the usefulness of a roof and wall for human. He said that it helps us to come close to one another and also grow together. Therefore we should be grateful to architects not only because they provides us a safe and welcome place but also for its many innovations, which are useful to both individuals and the public and the also provide our daily needs (page 3).Commissioned by Ludovico II Gonzaga, the church was begun in 1462 according to designs by Leon Battista Alberti on a site occupied by a Benedictine monastery, of which the bell tower (1414) remains. The construction, however, was finished only 328 years later. Though later changes and expansions altered Albertis design, the church is still considered to be one of Albertis most complete works.The purpose of the renaissance building was to contain the pilgrims who visited it during the course of Ascension when a vial, that the faithful argue contains the Blood of Christ, is brought up from the crypt below through a hatful in the floor directly under the dome. According to tradition the Most Precious Blood was brought to Mantua by the Roman centurion Longinus and is preserved in the Sacred Vessels. It was held with high respect during the Renaissance which is only display on Holy Friday.Humanism is the studying of the clas sics (Greek and Latin) and incorporating their ideas into ones own. It is the cultural movement of the Renaissance architecture. Most renaissance classical architecture shows more clarity than the older ones, because it emphasizes clean lines, geometric shapes, symmetry. It argues whether that is more enligh ten dollar billed than medieval architecture. It was more estimate out, perhaps more consistent, more systematic.Alberti had many philosophies when designing for buildings, and like the works of Vitruvius, created text that gave instruction on how to build, but saved main emphasis on the decoration and the exterior aesthetics of the structure. One formula that Alberti made use of was a system of Proportionality that he developed using systematic unanimity of musical ratio, to make his buildings appealing. Defined as the precise and correct outline, conceived in the mind, made up of lines and angles, and perfected in the learned intellect and imagination, this theory and line amenta were fundamental in Albertis process of design. Alberti believed that the Lineamenta stood as an outline and allowed proportions to be perceived in the design , where The very same numbers that cause sound to have that concinnitas, pleasant to the ears, can also fill the eyes and mind with wondrous delight. Reapplying emphasis on the humanistic border on to designThe tie with the humanistic style of design is a constant theme throughout Albertis ten books, and the beauty of Buildings also features heavily. Alberts definition, Beauty resides in a reasoned harmony of all the parts at heart a body, so that nothing may be added, taken away, or altered, but for the worse. It is a great and holy matter, all our resources of skill and ingenuity will be taxed in achieving it and rarely is it granted level off to Nature herself, to produce anything that is entirely complete and perfect in every respect. (VI, ii, 156).Albertis view of what Beauty is has federation to the analogy of anthropomorphism, seeing Man as a component that uses energy to serve and do well. This philosophy maintains that Alberti believed that men were made in divinitys image and likeness, creator of the universe, and through this thought, understood that what qualities make a building beautiful opens the path to the route of all Knowledge and the original source of beauty to draw from, God himself.In his treatise personality is used as inspiration, where the reason of Nature permits an architect to investigate into the features of the natural world, including mans influence, to incur better equipped to perceive and make use of Concinnitas, (which Alberti refers to as the spouse and soul of reason) to link presenting nature as the source of art in architecture and the nature based laws embedded in the away(p) world. As in the San Andrea, Mantua the faade of the church is exquisitely decorated with curves and flowing patterns on the ordered columns, selective service from Albertis treatise and its guidance on how to not only create a building, but how to make its beauty beam that of Gods love and NatureRefrencessacredarchitecture.org/authors/carroll_william_westfall/ -Carroll William Westfall(Journal entry 16)http//www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/S._Andrea.htmlMarvin Trachtenberg and Isabelle Hyman. Architecture from Prehistory to Post-Modernism. p295-6ReferencesTitle On the Art of Building in Ten BooksAuthor Leon Battista AlbertiTranslator Joseph Rykwert, Neil Leach, Robert TavernorPublished by the MIT PressCambridge, MassachusettsLondon, Englandhttp//www.albertiefirenze.it/english/leon_battista_alberti/index.htmhttp//eng.archinform.net/projekte/4126.htm

Emirates stadium

Emirates stadiumEmirates troughHistorical background (who wants the advise? And why?)The Emirates Stadium is built on a former brownfield industrial estate known as Ashburton Grove in Islington, capital of the United country to interpret a home ground for Arsenal FC. Arsenal FCs preceding(prenominal) stadium in Highbury, of which it was named after, was located a mere half a mile away from the emirates.The efficiency of Highbury was small in comparison to other top-flight status football clubs and therefore expansions were proposed. However, referable to surround transport and re locatingntial amenities, further to local authority planning objections, the room for expansion was rattling peculiar(a) at the existing ground. Corporate hospitality management via corporate viewing boxes is a key tune network to Arsenal FC as a means of securing plugs for the benefit of the clubs financial great. Highbury however, was incapable of accommodating the expanding wealthiness o f prospective clients bearing interest in the club. The proposition of enhancing corporate relationships and negotiations was a key figure in the framework plans for a untested stadium.Sporting successes at Arsenal FC had besides widened their fan base and the quest for match tickets was outweighing the supply. Stakeholders at bottom the ownership of the club were subsequently underutilised and opportune revenue was missed this was sacrificial to the prospects of succeeding(a) investment.After selective consideration of various locations suitable for Arsenal FC and their respective fans it was therefore decided on the turn of the millennium, that a new stadium was to be developed on the Ashburton Grove site. The capabilities of generating greater capital to enable the club to financially contest with some of the biggest football teams in Europe whilst also providing low class facilities to their numerous supporters showed an unwavering determination for the clubs advancement. This was the birth of the Emirates Stadium. Islington, London was before hand, a waning borough and the new stadium was seen as a solution to contribute to the regeneration of the atomic number 18a. BUY OUT EXISTING OCCUPANTS ON ASHBURTON GROVE very expensive Islington councils waste recycling plant Royal mail Holloway delivery smudge Two bridges oer the Northern city railway were also built connecting the stadium with drayton set wer also built. Structure of the project (Financing, Objectives, Constraints etc.).In order for Arsenal FC to fund the approximate 275m project, the sale of existing surplus land assets was necessary to enable their financiers to provide sufficient supporting gain for a causal agent in obtaining a large loan to fund the remainder.Highbury was demolished and redeveloped (with the exception of the east stand due to heritage listing) into what is now known as Highbury Square an allotment of housing units that were sold to generate everywhere 300m in fin al completion sales (currently payable in instalments to Arsenal FC). Sportswear manufacture Nike, also contributed to the project funding through their multi-million pound sponsorship deal that is still binding at present.At the jump of 2004, the project order date, Ashburton Properties, a subservient of Arsenal Holdings plc, was created in order to gain access to a loan over 200m from a banking assembly that specialised in stadium facilities management and funding. Noteworthy banking companies within this assembly include the RBS (Royal Bank of Scotland plc), The Bank of Ireland and Allied Irish Banks plc.Towards the end of 2004, a 100.2m corporate sponsorship deal had been struck between Emirate Airlines and Arsenal FC. One of the significant call of this deal comprised of Emirates owning the naming rights of the stadium of which lead to the stadium being known as the Emirates Stadium and not its original Ashburton Grove.Multi-faceted, Analysis, FeasibilityComplicated exchan ge flow, site assembly, waste plant location, residential, demolition and disposal, advertisements.Highbury re-development2-stage tender Taylor Wimpey Sir Robert McAlpine Main Contractors ( there Project Manager was Gulf Christiansen) overly did Excel Centre, London.Construction team was entirely site-based (Contractors and Consultants) problems were solved quickly, minimal expense, dispute resolution.Financial, Programme capital proof of delivery time half way through season? X Time of the essenceStakeholder depth psychology (Conflicts and resolutions)Construction of the Emirates stadium began promptly once the tender had been signed in February 2004. Leading UK building and well-bred engineering company Sir Robert McAlpine was awarded the contract as the main contractor to complete the job.Global designs practice populous (formerly known as HOK Sport) were responsible for the architecture and design of the stadium. They have been and are currently lead architects on many larg e projects of similar nature throughout the UK and across the globe e.g. Millennium Stadium, Cardiff, Wales Wembley National Stadium, London and the 2014 Asian Games Stadium, Incheon, South Korea.UK-based consultant engineers Buro Happold provided solutions in both structural and services engineering design to the stadium.Arcadis AYH (formerly AYH) were initially appointed as project and cost managers to the project, however, their role quickly expanded as the administering and relocation of over 80 businesses at Arsenal FCs former site was required. This allowed for commercial and residential developments within Islington to be cross-funded and finally made provision for the new housing allotments and a new waste and recycling centre for the Islington Borough. personal funded, Private project/ contract (Onus on who?)Local communities business displacement, working with local authorities.Sustainability issues and agendas (Impact, Conflicts and resolutions)Due to the Emirates stadiu m being built upon a former brownfield industrial site, Buro Happold thought it was necessary to carry out an environmental impact assessment of the estate so that any contaminated earth found could be re-generated and re-used to provide better ground conditions for the stadiums foundations.Buro Happolds engineering expertise in developing the form and structure of the Emirates Stadium was exhaustively examined to minimise the environmental impact and reflect the aspirations of the local community. One of the most noticeable design solutions provided by Buro Happolds to meet these objectives, is the clear downward sloping roof that forms a inwrought dish of which augments the stadiums micro-climate.When designing the project, inhabited tried to coalesce the necessitate of the end-users with an environmentally sound structure. As the Architects of the stadium, their ideas implemented took account of multiple contributors to the sustainable agenda that is ever-growing in the UK, p articularly within urban areas such as greater London.The incorporation of natural passive ventilation systems throughout the stadium has made way for a more pleasant environmental climate whilst also deducing the need for mechanical ventilation systems of which can add to the released emissions count.Solar power systems through glass cladding and skylights have also been fitted to contribute to their power-saving ethos that could potentially prove money-saving during the lifetime of the project.Not yet does the stadium have sustainable measures integrated into its design but the surrounding new-build developments have also been built to standards set out under the BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method) Eco Homes guidelines. These form part of the legislation for Sustainable Homes a benchmark in voluntary frameworks for sustainable development.Desso Sports Systems a company that specialise in artificial turfs for sports and recreation currently pr ovide the stadium with their pitch. They say that their synthetic grass fibres can be recycled for civil-engineering applicationsor as artificial turf and are keen to stress the point that only environmentally friendly, perishable chemical products are used to clean the turf. RegenerationBrownfield siteSection 106 TCPA, obligation to support and further project areaNewlon Housing Trust Social HousingEvaluation of risks Even with the new Emirates stadium as the home ground for Arsenal FC, the current demand for tickets still greatly outweighs the supply. The board of directors are said to be in the process of looking to expand the stadium as a result. It is however, very unlikely that the extent of the supply will be matched by the demand due to the sheer fan-base the football club possesses and the feasibility of constructing such a vast amount extra to the existing development.The risks of this potential expansion include jeopardising the sustainability issues mentioned (above) s o that the stadium only meets the demands of the present and is sacrificial to meeting the demands of the future (Brundtland). What also needs to be borne in mind is to what extent the extra capacity will bring in terms of revenue. With economies of scale in highly populated areas such as London, the capital gain of a greater number of sales made may not prove profitable and could drastically add to the clubs general net doubt thought to be around 200m 3Q 2009.Motor vehicle use and other forms of hole-and-corner(a) transport have not been well incorporated into the stadiums design and surrounding location. This has not been by error and the developers are trying to promote the use of public transport (possibly tied in with the sustainable communities agenda). There have been recent upgrades on the tube at Holloway Station (Arsenal FCs local station) and more buses have been added to frequently provide services to the stadium.The potential risks of relying on public transport are inaccuracies in times, traffic over-crowding and provision for disabled supporters access to the ground.ProgrammingBusiness displacementCompulsory purchase ordersFinancial mildewStigma with football stadiums e.g. Wembley, Birse walker stadium, laing orourke millennium stadiumEconomic and business related factorsFrom a selling point of view the emirates stadium was purely financially driven. The clubs successes had expanded to a rate which was over-utilising its existing resources and many opportune costs resulted. As an innovation to providing Arsenal FC with the maximum potential for revenue gain, a exclusively new and improved stadium for the entire club was seen as the most serviceable concept to adopt. renewalNot about football stadium, regeneration of IslingtonTrying to get on the local authorities sideReflection on projects managementREFERENCES* Arcadis AYH (2006), Professional Services Property Lifestyle Stadia Sports Projects Emirates Stadium, available from Accessed 08/02/10.* Building (2007), Emirates Stadium boosts Arsenal FCs Results Football clubs income jumps 46% following move from Highbury, available from Accessed 08/02/10.* DesignBuild-Network (2008), Projects Emirates Stadium, Ashburton Grove, London, United Kingdom, available from Accessed 08/02/10.* DesignBuild-Network (2008), Projects Emirates Stadium, Ashburton Grove, London, United Kingdom Specifications, available from Accessed 08/02/10.* E-architect (2008), Arsenal Stadium, London Information and Photos, available from Accessed 08/02/10.* Sir Robert McAlpine (2006), Projects Emirates Stadium, available from Accessed 08/02/10.

The Problems Of Reintegration Criminology Essay

The Problems Of Reintegration Criminology EssayA large amount of the mass who ar released from prison be incarcerated again within a condensed period of time. Ex-prisoners confront legion(predicate) problems in the effort to be reintegrated into society. These problems embarrass a lack of kind tide over, inability to gain admission price to spanking resources and operate, the resistance of the company, lack of education, and lack of adequate stock preparation. These factors clear it punishing for ex-prisoners to adapt to life in the lodge and thereby increase the assay that they will return to a life of aversion. There are authentic things that prison ministers can do to serve prisoners make a sure-fire spiritual rebirth to life on the alfresco. prison house ministers can be pertain in programs that help grow prisoners through education and information. Ministers can erect prisoners with support during the reentry cognitive operation. In addition, th ey can build relationships in the participation that cause as duads for prisoners when they make the change from life in prison to life in the general population. Prison ministers can also help prisoners reintegrate by fly the cooping to their spiritual exacts.Prison provides a outrank for offenders to hold their debt to society by being punished for the crimes they gather in committed. Ideally, prison will rehabilitate offenders so they can be reintegrated into society subsequently being released. The alternative to reintegration is for prisoners to return to a life of crime. Ex-prisoners case many challenges in the effort to achieve successful reentry into society. Some of these challenges are cerebrate to to the material things that people enquire in order to survive. Released prisoners frequently demote it difficult to obtain logical arguments, housing and the other necessities of life. Other challenges are related to a lack of fond support. In order to be in eff ect reintegrated into society, ex-prisoners hire positive forms of support and encouragement from family members, friends or others in the community. This account will examine the potential problems that might occur during reintegration after prison. The written report will emphasize the perspective of the prison minister. There are some(prenominal) things that prison ministers can do to help prisoners make the transition to community life after their release.The Problems Associated with ReintegrationIn the United States, nearly 700,000 people are released from prison each year (Hesse, 2009). It has been estimated that as many as 75 percent of these people will be incarcerated again within quadruplet years after their release (Rabey, 1999). This is a problem known as recidivism. One reason for the high rate of recidivism is because many ex-prisoners lack social support. For example, during long prison terms, offenders a good deal lose data link with family members. This is pr oblematic because contact with family members is believed to facilitate reintegration into the community (Lynch Sabol, 2001, p. 2). If ex-prisoners do not digest the caring support of family members, they lead to be able to get social support from a different source, such(prenominal) as friends, a community-based support group, or a church fellowship. A lack of support often leads to ex-prisoners associating with their former friends in the criminal world. In the words of Hesse (2009), because many released inmates will not have solid attachments to family or community, they will most likely return to senior neighborhoods where their very presence whitethorn threaten to disrupt their success (p. 64). nurture difficulties are raised by feelings of fear and discrimination among the members of the community. Communities are often disgusting to the presence of ex-prisoners because of their concerns for public safety (Lynch Sabol, 2001). When ex-prisoners arrive in the community, t hey do so with criminal labels that limit their ability to secure housing, treatment services, and use of goods and services (Pogorzelski, et al., 2005, p. 1718). Clearly, ex-prisoners will not be able to reintegrate into society unless they are able to obtain pipelines that provide them with enough income to support themselves. In addition to the difficulty of obtaining a job because of the criminal label, there may be competition between returning prisoners and welfare leavers for jobs (Lynch Sabol, 2001, p. 19). Furtherto a greater extent, ex-prisoners are often hale to take low-paying, low-skill jobs. As noted by Lynch Sabol (2001), the low pay of these jobs enhances the possibility that involvement in illegitimate, income-producing activities will increase (p. 19).Former inmates face these kinds of challenges despite the passage of the federal law known as the abet Chance Act of 2005. The purpose of this legislation is to ensure that ex-prisoners receive the services that they need when they reenter society. According to the findings in a study by Pogorzelski, et al. (2005), the split second Chance Act has done little to alleviate the challenges faced by former prisoners in the effort to gain access to housing, public assistance and other necessary resources. These researchers have found that there are nonvisual penaltys built into the policies and programs that are supposed to help ex-prisoners reintegrate into society. For example, local laws often place limitations on the ability of former prisoners to fill out job applications, acquire housing or receive public assistance. As state by Pogorzelski, et al. (2005), these laws are, in effect, exclusionary public policies that regulate reentry experiences and, in essence, perpetuate punishment after release by assigning special conditions or bans on people with felony convictions (p. 1718). As claimed by Hesse (2009), many will return to crime to support themselves because accessibility to socia l services and other supports may not be available (p. 64).Another reason why reintegration efforts often denounce is because offenders do not receive the preparation that they need when they are cool it in prison. Many people in prison have problems involving such things as mental illness or substance abuse (Pogorzelski, et al., 2005). The prison system does not provide adequate treatment for these kinds of problems. In addition, prisoners do not generally receive the kind of job training that they need in order to be able to succeed in exterior life. As noted by Lynch Sobel (2001), a large number of released prisoners reenter society not having participated in educational, vocational, or pre-release programs (p. 2). The lack of education and job training contributes to the high recidivism rate among ex-prisoners. There is evidence showing that prisoners tend to be far less educated than the general population (Hesse, 2009, p. 64). For ex-prisoners, a lack of education and trai ning can mean a low-paying job or no job at all. This, in turn, increases the risk of released prisoners flunk to achieve reintegration into the community and returning to a life of crime.Prison Ministry and ReintegrationPrison ministers can play an important type in helping prisoners prepare for life after their release. For example, ministers can arrange for prisoners to receive job training or educational services. Ministers can also help prisoners make the transition to community life by being supportive and caring. However, prisoners need more than this in order to succeed in the reintegration process. Regarding the limits of prison ministry, McRoberts (2002) notes that spirituality may help people survive the hardships and absurdities of incarceration, but life on the right(prenominal) poses a radically different existential challenge (p. 2). Rabey (1999) agrees that prison ministers need to place more emphasis on aftercare and the reintegration of prisoners into communitie s and churches after their release (p. 27). A problem is prepared by the fact that many church members are resistant to the idea of providing large amounts of assistance to former prisoners (McRoberts, 2002, p. 7). To address this problem, prison ministers need to work at building relationships with community ministers and to thereby strengthen the bridge between prison life and community life.Prison ministers also have a vital role to play in helping prisoners adjust themselves spirituality to what life will be like after their release. As Rabey (1999) points out, prison ministries have shifted their attention from punishment to redemption, and from retributive justice to soda justice (p. 27). In order to achieve successful reintegration, prisoners need to experience a sense of healing and restoration.ConclusionAs discussed in this paper, various factors create challenges for ex-prisoners in their effort to be reintegrated into society. These factors include a lack of social supp ort, community resistance, the inability to get a decent job, lack of access to necessary services, and a low level of education. The challenges faced by ex-prisoners greatly increase the risk of recidivism. Prison ministries can play a role in helping ex-prisoners make a successful transition to community life. Prison ministers can help prepare prisoners for life on the outside while they are still in prison. They can work with community ministers to provide a bridge to life on the outside. They can make efforts to be sure that ex-prisoners will receive the resources and social support that they need to survive in the community. In addition, prison ministers can contribute to the reintegration process by tending to the spiritual needs of prisoners as they prepare for their reentry into society.